aidees they betoad = Se ana ant
Sere SSeS
H M3 4
i
: te i.
ft i
0
13}
ore
ieee
=
a Seine open sk eey ins ase hos cSt
: > Execs Sa Ren oe
Sher
Reno
et
Serr hiae eve ees
pide i 1 | : vs
Linn 4 ee at
Department of the Gntferior:
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
— 34 —
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
WW@rlies: Ve 1882.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1883.
ADVERTISEMENT.
°
The extension of the scope of the National Museum during the past few years, and the activity of the collectors sent out in its interests, have caused a great increase in the amount of material in its possession. Many of the objects gathered are of a novel and important character, and serve to throw a new light upon the study of nature and of man.
The importance to science of prompt publication of descriptions of this material led to the establishment, in 1878, of the present series of publications, entitled ‘“ Proceedings of the United States National Mu- seum,” the distinguishing peculiarity of which is that the articles are published in signatures as soon as matter sufficient to fill sixteen pages has been obtained and printed. The date of publication being plainly expressed in each signature, the ready settlement of questions of priority is assured.
The articles in this series consist: First, of papers prepared by the scientific corps of the National Museum; secondly, of papers by others, founded upon the collections in the National Museum; and, finally, of interesting facts and memoranda from the correspondence of the Smith- sonian Institution.
The Bulletins of the National Museum, the publication of which was commenced in 1875, consist of elaborate papers (monographs of families of animals, &e.), while the present series contemplates the prompt pub- lication of freshly acquired facts relating to biology, anthropology, and geology; descriptions of restricted groups of animals and plants; the settlement of particular questions relative to the synonymy of species, and the diaries of minor expeditions.
This series of publications was commenced in 18738, with volume J, under the title ‘‘ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,” by the authority and at the expense of the Interior Department, and under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution.
The present volume, constituting the fifth of the series, has been pre- pared under the editorial supervision of Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, curator of the department of fishes.
SPENCER F. BAIRD, Director of the U. 8S. National Maccunt
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Washington, June 20, 1883.
(1)
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page, Bean, Tarleton H. Notes on Fishes collected by Capt. Charles Bendire, U.S. A., in Washington Territory and Oregon, May to October, 1881 ..-..-----.------+----+-+++-++++-- : 89-93 Note on the Occurrence of a Silver Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard) in Louis- LSA epee eee ere ree sietal a afar aimee slevejen; o/sjeym{nie nels wielalo)=)<ia\ ~~ (nimimiaioin mlalelml ats a\n(a mins/n(aiaiie!s ainimimim nim nie 117-119 Notes on Birds collected during the summer of 1880 in iAlpska and Siberia weal aanee 144-173 ——— (ranslator.) Note on the Habits and the Rearing of the Axolotl (Amblystoma mexica- num). By M. Carbonnier....-..---- -----------+ +--+ ++ eee ee eee e eters ce cere creer eee 291=299 Description of a Species of Whitefish, Coregonus hoy (Gill) Jordan, called ‘‘Smelt” in some parts of New York..----.--------. -----+ ----- 0-2-2 ceee ee eee crete eee e reeset 658-660 Description of a New Species of Alepidosaurus (A. meculnua) fromvAaskacccsccnias 661-663
(See, also, under GOODE & BEAN.) Belding, L. Catalogue of aCollection of Birds made at various points along the Western
Coast of Lower California, North of Cape St. Engenio ......--.---------+----------+------ 527-532 Catalogue of a Collection of Birdsmade near the southern extremity of the Peninsula of Mower Oalitormian soe 2) Ses en encase Sele sista ea are Ce wie alwis ania eraim'= win nin(w elnialnr=y© e1ojeleisjeminnlale 532-550 Bendire, Capt. Charles, U.S. A, On the Eastward Distribution of the Black-tailed Deer (Cariacus columbianus) .-...--------+ +++ 2-20-22 en eee teen ee ee cree ence ne ce eee ee 348-349 Carbonnier, MI, (Translated by TarLeron H. BEAN.) Note on the Habits and the Rear ing of the Axolotl (Amblystoma mexicanum) ..-.--++-++++++ see eee errr er eee ect treet 221-222 Dall, W. HI. Note onCluster Flies -.-...-.------------------- +--+ ++ 2-2 eee eee eee eee cree 635-637 BDugés, Prof. Alfred. (Translated by FrepericK W. TRUE.) Observations on Four WMiulastmoMilkses see cme case ccec mecca: <n misie sijeinicicley Slate stnlnieieminia’=, sininlaimtneielmminiaininiein=’s ers 223-225 Gill, Theodore. On the Family Centropomide. With one plate (Bilaterst) eas cco esse 484-485 Nomenclature of the Niphiids........--------+------- +--+ 2 - eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 485-486 —— On the Family and Subfamilies of Carangid@ ...--.-.---------+---+-+--+++ eee seer eee 487-493 —— Note on the Leptocardians..-....----- © +--+ 22-2222 eee ee reece cece ee cere ee eee ere e ee 515-516 —— Note on the Myzonts or Marsipobranchiates ..-.-.----------+--+-+++- +0 seer seer reer: 516-517 —__—. Note on the Bdellostomidee and Myxinide .....-.-.--. .-.-2- ------ +222 ee eee eee 517-520 —__ Note on the Petromyzontids. «= - +--+ 2 ee ee eee eee ee ener eee ee eee reese 521-525, —_— Supplementary Note on the Pediculati ...-.. --------+-++++++--e2e 222 re etree reer 551-556 —__. Note on the Pomatomid@ ..--..--- -.--- e200 ener cere ence een nee e eee eee eet eee 557 ——_— Note on the Affinities of the Hphipptids .....--.-------+----+--+++---+--+- 2 ee eee eee: 557-560 ——— On the Relations of the Family Lobotide ...-.-- SRE erties arene rete fara Nebsepeeve ie 560-561 ____ Note on the Relationships of the Zcheneidids. With one ate (Blatecxdi)ies seems aac 561-566 -—_——. Note on the Genus Sparus --.---.--------- ++ 22-2222 2c ence ine cence tc cree erect ees 566-567 On the Proper Name of the Bluefish ..-..---------- 0 ---++-++-- -++22 sere sree terete 567-570 Goode, G. Brown, and Bean, Tarleton Hi. A List of the Species of Fishes recorded as occurring in the Gulf of Mexico.... .---- --..--- --+---222 0-220 eeere ee tere seers 934-240 Descriptions of twenty-five New Species of Fish from the Southern United States, and three New Genera, Letharchus, Ioglossus, and Chriodorus -....--- eee ete een eta 412-437 Hawes, George W., Ph. BD. Ona Phosphitic Sandstone from Hawthorne, in Florida. 46-48
Megewald, Licut. J.P. ¢., U.S. A. (See under SWAINE & HEGEWALD.) KEnman, 8.0. Catalogue ofa Collection of Samples of Raw Cotton, presented to the United
States National Museum by the International Cotton Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, 1881. 644-645 Jordan, David 8S. Description of a New Species of Blenny (Isesthes gilberti) from
Santa Barbara. Califormia..-- 2656 <- ---.--9)< ene sje o a= a amimimie iain = me lee in e 349-351 Jordan, David 8., and Gilbert, Charles HI. Description of four New Species of Sharks from Mazatlan, Mexico .----- eater ese etre Ee eRe eteicieiee ee ele teie aotelelcis aim mis 102-110 Description of a New Shark (Carcharias lamiella) from San Diego, California -.------ 110-111 Description of a New Cyprinodont (Zygonectes inurus) from Southern Illinois -..-...-. 143-144 Description of a New Species of Uranidea (Uranidea pollicaris) from Lake Michigan 223-223 Notes on Fishes observed about Pensacola, Florida, and Galveston, Texas, with Description of New Species..----------.---. +--+ +++ +--+ +222 ce eee e ee cree ere rtr eter 241-307 Description of a New Species of Canodou (Conodon serrifer) from Boca Soledad, Lower GMO TTA ee ee eee ere eee Sein eite ena sie cininraie om slates eimai lin 0a) = fala iml = imtein/ atin minlm)mlmleiey sien = 351-352
IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Jordan, David 8., and Gilbert, Charles Hi. Catalogue of the Fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus at Cape San Lucas, which are now in the United States National Mu- seum, with Descriptions of eight New Species.....-.--.-.----- -----6eccccsencewcccenees
—— List of Fishes collected by John Xantus at Colima, Mexico ....-........--------------
—— List of Fishes collected by Capt. John M. Dow, now in the United States National WSU eb Vegoane gee 1 Renna s6eoco- ag soncbocecHadusatenoeecsc oe dt cde tact oot ecor Sec seceeho-
List of a Colle con of Fishes made by Mr. L. Belding near toms San Lucas, Lower @aitormi supe cate oe ee a ee ee ee
——- List of Fishes collected at Panama by Rey. Mr. Rowell, now preserved in the United States: National! Musenme -- -5-/34/24-2(-'c seo ae gee eee ie aan anne a saa cei oe
Descriptions of two New Species of Fishes (Sebastichthys wmbrosus and Citharichthys
stigmeus) collected at Santa Barbara, California, by Andrea Larco -...-...-----.--------
Description of a New Species of Goby (Gobiosoma ios) from Vancouver's Island - --.
—— On certain Neglected Generic Names of La'Cépéde ........-.-....---.--.------------
— On the Synonomy of the Genus Bothus Rafinesque..-.-.-..-----.--.------------------
— Description of a New Species of Artedius (Artedius fenestralis) from Puget Sound...
Description of a New Species of Urolophus (Urolophus asterias) from Mazatlan and
Panamase: ect sesede scoot hae Scat Reece cele ee ee os oer ee See eee serene ae eae
Notes on a Collection of Fishes from Charleston, South Carolina, with Decerintions of
TNT: INES W a SS CCL opm mr tae a la
List of Fishes now in the Museum of Yale College, collected by Prof. Frank H. Brad-
ley at Panama, with Descriptions of three New Species .......-.--..-----.-.-----------
Description of two New Species of Fishes (Myrophis vafer and Chloroscombrus or-
FUEL LN OTIY ySUT ORTON Banya apn em wate ne ate te ee
Description of a New Eel (Sidera castanea) from Mazatlan, Mexico ...-.-.----.--.---
On the Nomenclature of the Genus Ophichthys ......------------- Se ereacetistesane
Kalb, George B. (See under SWAIN & KALB.)
Lesquereux, H,. Contribution to the Miocene Flora of Alaska ....--..--.---.-----.-----
Merril!, George P. Note ona Potsdam Sandstone or Conglomerate from Berks County, Pen: eee Ber res Ser ae aka re te ee ce
Newberry, J.S. Brief Descriptions of Fossil Plants, chiefly Tertiary, from Western North
BNITTIGNIU CDi ais cerciaie Gee seme STS ee cies eM ON epee mre et ere te eo ieie cetera rae es te te attests eat tateietenate eee Nutting, €.€. Ona @onlectinn of Birds from the Hacienda ‘‘ La Palma,” Gulf of Nicoya, @bsta Rica, with Critical Notes by Robert Ridoway-.2-~225--- 2. oan eee ae elne nls Ridgway, Robert. Description of several New Races of American Birds...--. -. ---. On the Genera Harporhynchus, Cabanis, and Methriopterus, Reichenbach, with a De-
R(OLBY LOK UO EE IN ay ACER EN ONE GUM AIA Se Oo bao son See pote te seen ge cacede s2oedaceasedsene Notes on the Native Trees of the Lower Wabash and White River Valleys, in Hlinois
UN CRON N CMSA TD Ga are arr eee ats te a aw el oe ee
Critical Remarks on the Tree Creepers (Certhia) of Europe and North America ..--. — Descriptions of some New North American Birds..----- ee ee a ee me eee eects (Editor.) Ona collection of birds from the Hacienda ‘‘La Palma,” Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, with Critical Notes by Robert Ridgway. By C.C. Nutting....-.... ....... Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made in the Interior of Costa Rica by Mr. C. C. Nut- ERT Oa eee ea a oa ae eeniaate eet Description of a New Wacker from the Talend of Santa cee West Taiies =aacses ———. Hescription of. ai supposed New Plover fromi@ hil 220-6 oa ee eee ——__ (Kdiior.) Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made at various points along the Western Coast of Lower California, north of Cape St. Eugenio. By L. Belding ---.-.--.----.------ (Editor.) Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the southern extremity of the Peninsula of Lower Califoruia. By L Belding ... ..-..........--.- etececere hea e ete Onithe Genus lanialus: Tainn., and its) Auhes) 3202. sees se ease eee eee eee Description of a iNew Petrelifrom\Allas kay 2. = oe see tee sere ae ein tare arate nae leet etatere tare Riley, Charles V. Jumping Seeds and Galls. With one cut ..... ----..--..---------- Eeyder, J. A. Generaiof the Scolopendrellid@ aaae acess oa ae ee ieee =a reae Smith, Rosa. Description of a New Species of Uranidea (Uranidea rhothea) from Spokane RIVER WWats bin otonebernitony case. ce mse he caceiele See a te eet re =a eer eel On the Life Coloration of the Young of Ponta mincunais Bieta oes re eee Smith, Bosa, and Swain, Joseph. Notes ona Collection of Fishes from Johnson’s Island, including Descriptions of five New Species.....--- —- -----. ------------+-----.- Stejneger, Leonhard, Synopsis of the West Indian Myadzestes. With one plate (Plate ii) ..---- wares a Bande, US ecw bros hehe ee ce oee ee SOS CORE Reine ne emer ae ai — On some Generic and Specific Appellations of North American and European Binds Outlines of a Monograph of the Cygnine. With16 cuts ..-... --.....---. .--- ---. Remarks on the Systematic Arrangement of the American Turdide. With 35 cuts - Stone, Livingston, Does the Panther (Felis concolor) go inte the Water to kill Fish?-.
Page. 353-371 371-372 373-378 378-381 381-382 410-412 437-438 570-576 576-577 577-579 579-580 580-620 620-632 645-647 647-648 648-651 443-449 660-661
502-514
382-409 9-15
43-46
49-88 111-116 343-346
382-409
493-502 525-526 526-527
527-532
532-550 550-551 656-658 632-635
234
347-348 652-653
119-143
15-27 28-43 174-221
449-48 570
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Streets, Thomas H., M1. D., U.8.N. <A Study of the Phronimide@ of the North Pa-
cific Surveying Expedition. With one plate (Plate i) .............2.22...2020- cece cee eee Swain, Joseph. A Review of the Syngnathine of the United States, with a Description OfsOn ey NG WAS DECIESreeermr me ceek sence cae ce cis oa see Eee ces tee nee ems oe nee
(See, also, under SMITH & SWAIN.) Swain, Joseph, and Kalb, George B. A Review of the Genus Noturus, with a De- SCLUPUOMOMONORNE WAS DCCLOSI asta ene rias se a cee seme see eee eee ante eee eee ees Swaine, Lieut. Col, P.V.,U.8. A., and Hegewald, Lieut. J.T. C., U.S. A. Information concerning some Fossil Trees in the United States National Museum...... True, Frederick W. (Translator). Observations on Four Mules in Milk. By Prof. PALE CBIR OS rete ee teteatelaeere ariel -Pieteng Otis fare eicein eat eee ee oe eee eet Onfai Cinnamon BeartromePennsylvaniag-.-25 -2seee. cose nee hone cee sei ceboee sees eo Turner, Lucien Wi. On Lagopus mutus Leach and its Allies..---.- ude ate ou cece biee acess Verrill, A. E. Notice of Recent Additions to the Marine Invertebrata of the Northeast- ern Coast of America, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species, and Critical Re marks on others. Part IV: Additions to the Deep-water Mollusca taken off Martha's aneyardbing S80iand 188 leseeaccs aS youn. eee e ens: sen) sspes ee iee fe ee secs see White, C. A. New Molluscan Forms from the Laramie and Green River Groups, with Discussion of some Associated Forms heretofore unknown. With two plates (Plates iii GNC piv) meee ser se eis eke ee Me ae ae Sele Le a Nee ic yp neGa acne BEEN STON Snel Ay The Molluscan Fauna of the Truckee Group, including a New Form. With one plate (GELB tor) sees ease ieee etn Ss Teer et TN ea en eRe ae Renan Tt aa Yarrow, H. C., i. D. Descriptions of New Species of Reptiles and Amphibians in Chom nitediscatesi National Musoumscssscessedseescesss ss cece tease eee eee eee ees
Page. 3-9
307-315
638-644 1-3 223-225
653-656 225-233
315-343
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Pe PAS mer Ss.
PLATE “.—Norbh eaciiche hronimidseyaseeee tesco ee eens pee eee eee eee eee 8
Fic. 1. Phronima atlantica (female). Fifth thoracic foot; 1 a. Caudal appendages,
Fig. 2. Phronima atlantica (male). Fifth thoracic foot.
Fic. 3. Phronima pacifica (female). Fifth thoracic foot; 3 a. Caudal appendages.
Fig. 4. Phronimella elongata (male). Fifth thoracie foot; 4 a. Caudal appendages.
Fic. 5. Phronimella elongata (female). Fifth thoracic foot; 5 a. Caudal appendages.
PLATE 1:—West Indian Myadestesi=s--- -- ses -ceeee:- -eeineceesioer es] eeeee eee 26
Fig. 1. Myadestes montanus Cory.
Fic. 2. Myadestes solitarius Baird.
Fic. 3. Myadestes genibarbis Swainson. Fic. 4. Myadestes sancte-lucie@ Stejneger. Fig. 5. Myadestes dominicanus Stejneger. Fia. 6. Myadestes sibilans Lawrence.
PLATE III.—Laramie and Green River Molluscan Forms.....---. scaweweccrece 98
UNIO CLINOPISTHUS (sp. noy.).
Fic. 1. Left side view ; natural size. Fic. 2. Dorsal view of the same example.
ANOMIA MICRONEMA Meek.
Fic. 3. View of the under valve, showing the byssal plug.
Fic. 4. Exterior view of an upper valve.
Fia. 5. Similar view of another example, showing coarser radiating lines.
Fic. 6. Interior view of a very large upper valve, showing muscular scars and process beneath the umbo. All of natural size.
CAMPELOMA PRODUCTA (sp. noy.).
Fic. 7. Lateral view of type specimen; natural size. Fig. 8. Opposite view of the same. Fig. 9. Lateral view of a more robust example.
PYRGULIFERA HUMEROSA Meek.
Fic. 10. Lateral view of type specimen; natural size. Fig. 11. Opposite view of the same. Fig. 12. Similar view of a smaller example.
(v1)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vil PYRGULIFERA (PARAMELANIA) DAMONI Smith. Fia. 13. Copy of Mr. Smith’s original figure. PYRGULIFERA (PARAMELANIA) CRASSIGRANULATA Smith. Fia. 14. Copy of Mr. Smith’s original figure. PLATE 1V.—Laramie and Green River Molluscan Forms ......-.......----.--. 98 CORBICULA BERTHOUDI (sp. NOv.). Fig. 1. Left side view ; natural size. Fic. 2. Dorsal view of another example. Fic. 3. Interior of left valve of another example. CORBICULA AUGHEYI (sp. nov.). Fig.
FiG. FIG.
. Right side view ; natural size. . Interior view of the same example. Dorsal view of another example.
uo
a
NERITINA BRUNERI (sp. nov.).
FIG. Fig.
. Lateral view; natural size. . Apertural view of the same example.
oo
MELANOPSIS AMERICANA (sp. DOY.).
Fig. 9. Two different lateral views; enlarged. Fic. 10. Another view of the lower part of the same example, showing the beak and the callus of the inner lip.
PLATE V.—Molluscan Forms of the Truckee Group ..-.-.--------------------- 102 MELANIA SCULPTILIS. Fic. 1. Copy of Meek’s original figure. MELANIA SUBSCULPTILIS. Fra. 2. Copy of Meek’s original figure. MELANIA TAYLORI. Fic. 3. Copy of Gabb’s original figure. LITHASIA ANTIQUA. Fic. 4. Copy of Gabb’s original figure. CARINIFEX (VORTICIFEX) TRYONI. Fics. 5, 6, and 7. Different views of the type specimen. After Meek. CARINIFEX (VORTICIFEX) BINNEYI. Fies. 8 and 9. Different views of the type specimen. After Meek. ANCYLUS UNDULATUS.
Fia. 10. Dorsal view of type specimen. After Meek. Fic. 11. Lateral outline of the same.
VIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
SPH RIUM ? IDAHOENSE.
Page. Figs. 12 and 13. Copies of Meek’s original figures.
SPH2ZRIUM RUGOSUM. Fias. 14, 15, and 16. Copies of Meek’s original figures.
LATIA DALLII (sp. noy.).
Fig. 17. Dorsal view of the largest known example. Fig. 18. Lateral view of the same. Fic. 19. Dorsal view of another example. Fia. 20. Dorsal view of another example, which has been cut away so as to reveal the transverse semilunar septum. All the figures on this plate are of natural size except Figs. 14, 15, and 16, which are a little enlarged. PLATE ViI.—Alaskan Possil' Plante: 232-2 css4e0 soe ance ee eee eee 448 lias. 1, 2. Lquisetum globulosum, sp. noy., p. 444. Fias. 3, 4, 5, 6. Osmunda Torelli, Heer., p. 444. Fias. 7, 8, 9. Thuites (Chamecyparis) Alaskensis, sp. nov., p. 445. Figs. 10, 11, 12. Comptonia cuspidata, sp. nov., p. 445. Fig. 13. Comptonia premissa, sp. nov., p. 445, Fic. 14. Betula Alaskana, sp. nov., p. 446. PLATE VIl.—Alaskan Fossil/Plants):.- sce. te sheen saeco eee nee ene 448 Fias. 1, 2, 3, 4. Alnus coryl#folia, sp. nov., p. 446. Fras. 5, 6. Carpinus grandis, Ung., p. 446. PLATE VII.— Alaskan Fossil Plants. 22420. 520 22-cisnc es poe bee eeaccee dee eee ees Fic. 1. Fagus Deucalionis, Ung., p. 446. Fias. 2, 3, 4, 5. Quercus Dallii, sp. nov., p. 446. Fic. 6. Salix Raeana, Heer., p. 447. PUATE 'X.—Alaskan Wossil Plante: s. 992. oc stew cee wAomte ade exe euenice eee eee Fig. 1. Populus Richardsoni, Heer., p. 447. Fic. 2. Populus arctica, Heer., p. 447. Fig. Ulmus sorbifolia, Ung., p. 447. Fic. 4. Elaodendron Helveticum, Heer., p. 449. PLATE X.—Alaskan Fossil Plants ..----.......--- 22. cee melteienen eee eee ees 448 Frias. 1, 2. Diospyros anceps, Heer., p. 448. Figs. 3, 4, 5. Vaccinium reticulatum, Al. Br., p. 448. Fic. 6. Cornus orbifera, Heer., p. 448. Fias. 7, 8, 9. Magnolia Nordenskiéldi, Heer., p. 448. PLAITw XT,—Skallhof Centropomus' <2... 2+. case seneesecacence censianeaeeaesteer 484 Fig. 1. Dorsal view. Fic. 2. Lateral view. Fic. 3. Ventral view. PLATE X1t.—Skull of Echenels <... 2. 2.ccc cena caus cecdeoucen coee cee eetee ae san oe Fia. 1. Dorsal view. Fic. 2. Lateral view. Fic. 3. Ventral view.
ce
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IX 2.—-C,U Asi.
Symbol. Page. Fig. 1, 11816. Sternum of Coscoroba candida ..-.-..----------+ 222+ 2202 eees cere 176 "Fig. 2, 4642. Sternum of Olor.......-------++---+ ee eeee eens cere ee cree ee cree 176 Fic. 3, 1856. Sternum of Olor cygnus..---- ---------- e----eecte ccc er sree etree 177 Fig. 4, 11816. Sternum of Coscoroba candida ...------+ -----+-----+ 2022-22007 177 Fig. 5, 1122. Sternum of Spatula clypeata.....----- -----+-----+ e+ 2 ree seen tree 177 Fic. 6, 11816. Pelvis of Coscoroba candida. ..---.---------------202-205 errr eres 178 Fic. 7, 1586. Pelvis of Cygnus gibbus......-----------+----20 22 eere rer reeeccee 179 Fic. 8, 49530. Anterior edge of webs of Sthenelus melancorypha ..--- slats eomrensenis 185 Fic. 9, 49082. Nail of bill of Sthenelus melancorypha --.------+----++--+---+-+--- 185 Fra. 10, 57272. Anterior edge of webs of Cygnus gibbus...---.---------+++------ 185 Fia. 11, 57272. Nail of bill of Cygnus gibbus...---.------------------ reer erere 185 Fic. 12. Bill of Cygnus gibbus ...-.----------------- s2ee-e ere ee cnet eee ee 187 Fig. 13. Bill of Sthenelus melancorypha .----------------+ +--+ - +--+ 2-2 0007 --e> 187 lrg. 14. Bill of Olor columbianus ...------------- ~---+ --- 2-2 ere reece ecreee 187 Fig. 15. Bill of Olor cygnus, juv..----- een eee ciae caer ee oeie-ieeieeie sia 207 Fic. 16. Bill of Olor bewickii, juv-------.------------ -- +--+ 2222 ee eee reer ree 207 41908. Structural details of Wyitadestes leucotis ..-..----- See eee ecale see sacra 457 37472. Structural details of Ridgwayia pinicola ....---------------------------- 460 1289. Structural details of Sialia sialis ....---.---.-------+---+ +--+ 02-700 00e 462 18075. Structural details of Saxicola wnanthe....-----------+---+------- eerayeiasee 462 53719. Structural details of Hylocichla pallasi...--..----------+---+-------+---- 463 82511. Structural details of Hylocichla fuscescens...--..----+ -----+-----+-+--7° 463 1570. Structural details of Hylocichla mustelina .....-----+----+----+--------- 463 56284. Structural details of Turdus viscivorus ...--------------+--------7- cere: 464 56294. Structural details of Turdus iliacus ...--.-.------------+-+----------+---- 465 71846. Structural details of Hesperocichla na@via ....-----------+--------------- 466 9814. Structural details of Hesperocichla nevia ..---.--------------------- ++ 466 42636. Structural details of Catharus dryas...----------- Be er eee tae tate eletea y= 468 74183. Structural details of Catharus melpomene ...-.--------+--+ --2-++ -----2°-- 469 47366. Structural details of Catharus gragilirostris......---------++----++------- 469 82596. Structural details of Hrithacus rubecula ..---..----------++---+ +--+ 02+ e- 469 77776. Structural details of Cyanecula suecica .--..----------+------------2-2- 470 75261. Structural details of Luscinia philomela ..---.-----------------+---+---- 470 853. Structural details of Merula migratoria..---.-------------------++--+++- 471 77765. Structural details of Merula nigra ..--------------- e222 2-2-2 rere eee 472 74582. Structural details of Merula jamaicensis ..---------- -------------------- 472 74588. Strectural details of Merula (?) aurantia ....---------------------+----- 473 74128. Head of Merula gymnophthalma ....-.------- +--+ -----+ercerr ctr ccs ct coe 473 55296. Structural details of Semimerula gigas ...--------------+---------+----- 474 76391. Structural details of Cichlherminia herminiert ..-------+----------------- ATS
74592. Structural details of Margarops fuscatus..-----.---- +--+ +----- ------ +--+ - 47 31978. Structural details of Mimocichla rubripes ..-..----- -----+--++-+--------- A477 54102. Structural details of Cossyphopsis reevet ..--.------+-------------------- 4738 93594. Structural details of Platycichla ‘‘brevipes” ..--.----------+------------ ee e479. 44766. Structural details of Platycichla flavipes ..----------+-----------+-------- 480 ~, Structural details of Cichlopsis leucogenys -.-----------------------+7--7° 481 30285. Structural details of MWyadestes solitarius -..----------------------+------ 482 38044. Structural details of Myadestes solitarius ..----------+------- +--+ +--+ ---> 482 16168. Tail of Myadestes townsendi ...--------------+ +--+ 2-2 ee re crt rete 482 33426. Structural details of Myadestes townsendi-....--------- +-+---+ +--+ +27 727- 482 341. Structural details of Myadestes elisabethe .---.----+--------------------- 423 Transformations of Carpocapsa saltitans .-..--------+------+-+----70 070+ 533
a, larva; 6, pupa; ¢, imago—enlarged, hair-lines showing nat. size; d, front wing of a pale var.; e¢, seed, nat. size, with empty pupa skin; f/f, do., showing hole of exit. (After Riley.)
aa ~* as id 9G TREES Ti Sea?
ie eh i ;
he . SE a DB ny ‘2 wi i. Pe noe ee of bi!
rr
‘ ft. a : te ieee : aa - peocciic ah ‘ fe . Sonali ¥: ae
Ok ey
LIST OF CORRECTIONS.
Page 10, line 27, is should read in.
Page 16, line 11 from bottom, sanctw-lucie should read sancte-lucia. Page 89, line 21, Oncorhyncus should read Oncorhynchus.
Page 95, line 21, berthondi should read berthoudi.
Page 9%, line 9, humrosa should read humerosa.
Page 99, line 15, view should read view.
Page 114, line 19 from bottom, vov should read nov.
Page 115, line 6 from bottom, Siniahmoo should read Semiahmoo. Page 115, line 7 from bottom, Hiniahmoo should read Semiahmoo. Page 122, line 4, Street should read Streets.
Page 131, line 8 from bottom, should read: 12.—UPENEUS VANICOLENSIS C, & V. Page 131, line 16 from bottom, trifa sciatus should read trifasciatus. Page 136, line 16 from bottom, Swian should read Swain.
Page 141, line 17 from bottom, Ba toé should read Batoé.
Page 222, line 18, URANIDBA should read URANIDEA.
Page 239, line 12 from bottom, Culpea should read Clupea.
Page 255, line 19, Fundnlus should read Fundulus.
Page 263, line 19, Exocetus should read Lxocetus.
Page 266, line 23, sal and rays should be separated by more space. Page 267, line 23, Atherinia should read Atherina.
Page 281, line 12, Scena should read Sciena.
Page 285, line 12, Spetted should read Spotted.
Page 290, line 20, OPISTOGNATHID&-shonld read OPISTHOGNATHIDA. Page 293, line 2 from bottom, retained is not properly spaced. Page 297, line 1, Blocb should read Bloch.
Page 308, line 26, Corythoichthys should read Corythroichthys.
Page 315, line 6 from bottom, MOLUSCA should read MOLLUSCA. Pago 376, last line, olclection should read collection.
Page 386, line 7 from bottom, migratorius should read migratoria. Page 412, line 14, LETHARCUS should read LETHARCHUS. Page 413, line 3, Baiostoma brachialis should read Beostoma brachiale. Page 437, line 3, Letharcus should read Letharchus,
Page 456, line 17, Turdine should Turdina.
Page 485, line 2, (Plate VI) should read (Plate XI).
Page 486, last line, Anarhichas should read Anarrhichas.
Page 520, line 15, Chondropteygii should read Chondropterygii. Page 523, line 25, larnal should read larval.
Page 524, line 6 from bottom, Burmeister should read Burmeister. Page 524, line 5 from bottom, Soc should read Soc. .
Page 529, line 9 from bottom, Poliptila should read Polioptila. Page 548, line 15, Nyetherodias should read Nyctherodius.
Page 549, line 21, Virosylvia should read Vireosylvia.
Page 552, line 1, Himantololophus should read Himantolophus.
Page 563, line 26, it should read its.
Page 564, line 6 from bottom, Plate VII should read Plate XII. -Page 570, line 10, should be in the usual title caps.
Oe Huts
lin
| ee Weg escitive
sb beset Al nei
r
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1ss2.
INFORMATION CONCERNING SOME FOSSIL TREES IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUW.
By Lieut. Col. P. T.SWAINE, U.S. A., and Lieut. J. V.C. HEGE- WALD, U.S.A.
e
[Letter to General William T. Sherman. J]
Srr: I have the honor to furnish you the following information with. regard to the two fossil trees procured from “ Lithodendron” at the re- quest of Lieut. Col. P. T. Swaine, Fifteenth Infantry:
On or about the middle of May, 1879, the honor was conferred upon me to carry out written instructions received from General Sherman, with regard to procttring several specimens of fossil trees from “ Litho- dendron” for the National Museum. <A sergeant, ten men, and two drivers, rationed for twelve days, with teams and two heavy stone wagons, were ordered to accompany me on the expedition, taking with them such tools as would be necessary to procure and handle the spec- imens. We made the usual drives, stopping at a forage agency each night until we arrived at Navajoe Springs, Arizona.
The country passed over was very dry and dusty, though the road was in good condition, being the regular mail route to Prescott.
At Navajoe Springs we left the road, cutting diagonally across the country about 20 miles, arriving at Bear Spring near the head of Litho- dendron in the evening. We had to cross several aroyas, but being in the dry season, we had nothing to fear from water or marshy soil. The country traversed was desolate and barren, sage-brush and pinon trees abounding, good grazing and water being very scarce. Here and there mountain peaks stood out in bold relief like great sign-posts to guide the traveler on his way. The water, when found, was in small quantities and alkaline.
Near the head of Lithodendron, and about Bear Spring, grazing was good, the Navajoes having thousands of heads of sheep there which they drove to the spring every morning and evening; being always on the qui vive for news, they thought it strange the “Great Father in
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 i June 5, 1882.
2 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Washington” should want some of the bones of the “Great Giant” their forefathers had killed years ago when taking possession of the country, the lava beds being the remains of the blood that ran from his wounds.
Camping at Bear Spring, I turned the mules out to graze and left the men to prepare an early dinner whilst I rode down the valley to examine the thousands of specimens that lay scattered on each side of the valley along the slopes, which were perhaps 50 feet high; the vailey of the Lithodendron, at its widest part, being scarcely a half mile. Along the slopes no vegetation whatever was to be seen, wood being very scarce; the soil was composed of clay and sand mostly, and these petri- factions, broken into millions of pieces, lay scattered all adown these slopes. Some of the large fossil trees were well preserved, though the action of the heat and cold had broken most of them in sections from 2 to 10 feet long, and some of these must have been immense trees; measaring the exposed parts of several they varied from 150 to 200 feet in length, and from 2 to 44 feet in diameter, the centers often containing most beautiful quartz crystals.
I encountered considerable difficulty in trying to procure two speci- mens answering to the General’s description, and which I thought would please. After finding the larger of the two fossils sent, I could find no mate, the remainder being of a different species, and the exposed part broken in segments too short toanswer. Finally, I concluded to unearth part of the same specimen, which entered the grgund at an angle of about 202.
Bringing back men and teams, I dug along some 30 feet, finding the second dark specimen, which made a good match, and which saw the light, perhaps, for the first time for ages, though both were parts of the same tree. This was on the right bank or slope of Lithodendron, one mile and a quarter from Bear Spring. I got both fossils loaded on the wagons, and camped at the Spring that night.
Next morning we left quite early, encountering some difficulty in getting over the rough country, frequently stopping to make a road to get on a mesa or over some aroya; late the same evening we arrived at Navajoe Springs.
From here we encountered no further difficulties. Arriving at the post I reported my return and the result of the expedition. (The post was Fort Wingate, N. Mex.)
These specimens remained at the post until Colonel Bull, in September, 1879, had them boxed up and sent to Santa Fé, New Mexico. From there they were shipped east to Washington, I believe.
Very respectfully, your most obedient servant, J. T. C. HEGEWALD, (Late) Second Lieutenant, Fifteenth Infantry. NEw ALBANY, IND., September 21, 1881.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3
HISTORY OF THE TWO SPECIMENS OF FOSSIL TREES IN THE SMITH- SONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D. C.
The General of the Army, General W. T. Sherman, while on a tour across the continent in the fall of 1878, suggested to Lieut. Col. P. T. Swaine, Fifteenth United States Infantry, then in command of the post of Fort Wingate, N. Mex., the expediency of procuring two of the pet- rifactious of the country in that vicinity of reasonable dimensions for transportation, yet sufficiently large to be worthy of a place in the Smithsonian Institution. Acting upon this suggestion, an expedition was organized early in the spring of 1879 to proceed to the Lithodendron (stone trees) in Arizona. Thomas V. Kearns, a gentleman of long residence in that part of the country, and familiar with the locality to be explored, kindly volunteered his services, and success was, in a great measure, due to his efforts in carrying out the wishes of the General. The military detail consisted of Second Lieut. J. T. C. Hegewald, one sergeant, and twelve soldiers, all of the Fifteenth United States Infantry, and the party was well supplied with army wagon running gears spe- cially arranged for hauling stone, and with tools and appliances complete. Lieutenant Hegewald has furnished a detailed and comprehensive statement of the events connected with this expedition, which is inter- esting as an appendix to this paper.
Only one of the two specimens obtained from the Lithodendron by Mr. Kearns and Lieutenant Hegewald was forwarded to Washington. This is the large dark-colored one. In the place of the second one brought in from the locality of the Lithodendron a better specimen was found on the Mesa to the north of and adjacent to Fort Wingate, about two miles from the flag-staff. This is the smaller and lighter colored one.
First. Lieut. S. R. Stafford, regimental quartermaster, Fifteenth United States Infantry, had a strong platform made of plank spiked together, and rolled each fossil on separately, fastening them in place with strap iron, and hauled them to Santa I’é, N. Mex., where they were detained in the government corral awaiting the collection of enough other curiosities to make up a car load, when they were shipped to Washington under the direction and care of agents of the Smithsonian.
P. T. SWAINE, Lieutenant-Colonel Fifteenth Infantry, Brevet Colonel, U.S. A.
.
A STUDY OF THE PHRONIWIDZE OF THE NORTH PACIFIC SURVEY- ING EXPEDITEON.
By THOS. H. STREETS, M. D., U.S. N-
The identification of the Phronime has been attended with difficulty on account of the absence of properly-defined characters. Claus, who gives the most detailed account of them, combines in his description of P. sedentaria more than one species. I have had no opportunity to examine P. sedentaria. The following article is the result of close
4 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
study, and comparisons of a number of specimens of each species; and the specific characters here presented and figured were found to be con- stant, and apply to all sizes.
The family characteristics are as follows:
Head broad and rounded above, tapering below to the oral appara- tus. Eyes on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head. Both pairs of antenne present in the male, and long; in the female the inferior pair obsolete, and the superior pair short. Thorax broad anteriorly, and tapering posteriorly. The first and second pairs of thoracic feet short; the extremity of the fourth joint being more or less produced, and the fifth joint with a pair of wing-like appendages on either side of its apex. The fifth pair of thoracic feet developed into a stout, prehensile organ. The remaining pairs of feet simple. Abdomen narrow. The caudal appendages slender, cylindrical, and two-branched.
There is a very marked resemblance among the Phronimide. The family characters are many; the generic and specific characters are few, but constant.
The eggs of the female are carried in an ineubatory pouch between the posterior thoracic feet. Females with the young in every stage of development within the eggs may be found swimming free; yet when the young leave the eggs, they are always found, I believe, inside the body of a Pyrosoma, a Beroe, or a Medusa, which the female amphipod appropriates as a home for her immature species. The parent and young are usually found inclosed in the same case. The former by this action manifests, apparently, a maternal solicitude for the welfare of her off- spring. This is interesting as appearing in animals so low in the scale of being as the amphipods.
There was observed a great disparity between the number of males and females collected in any locality. In the preparation of this article there were examined forty-five specimens belonging to the different ge- nera of the family, and the proportion of males to females was found to beas 1to8. Until quite recently the male form—being so different—was not recognized as belonging to the same species. The discovery was made by Claus.
PHRONIMA, Latreille.
Head, thorax, and abdomen as described under Phronimide. The first and second pairs of thoracic feet short and slender, with the fourth, or carpal joint broadly produced; the third and fourth pairs long, sim- ple,and subequal. The fifth pair stoutly developed, and provided with a strong prehensile organ, resembling the claw of some of the Cancrida. The last two pairs of legs shorter than the preceding, and subequal. The three pairs of caudal appendages long and slender, each furnished with two lanceolate branches. Telson short.
Sexual differences.—Males smaller than the females. In the female the inferior antenne are absent. In the position of these organs—be- neath the lateral eye—is a broad, rounded prominence, slightly pro- jecting beyond the anterior margin of the head. The apex of this
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5
prominence usually bears a single short hair. The superior antenne are Short and three-jointed, the last joint being beset with a few audi- tory hairs. In the male both pairs of antenne are present, and are provided with long, flexible flagella; the last joint of the peduncle of the superior pair long, as in the female, but much more robust, and. densely furnished with hairs; the peduncle of the inferior pair three- jointed. The abdomen of the male is stouter, and the bases of the Swimming feet more nearly rounded; in the female the basal portion of these feet are oblong-ovate, and the last segment of the thorax is longer and narrower than the corresponding part in the male.
PHRONIMA ATLANTICA, Guérin. (Plate I, Fig. 1, la, 2.) Phronima atlantica, Guérin-Méneville, Iconogr., pl. 25, fig. 4; Mag. Zool., 1836, el, vii, pl. 18, fig. 1.—Milne-Edwards, Hist. des Crust., 1840, iii, p. 93.—C. Spence Bate, Catalogue Amphi. Crust., 1862, p. 319, pl. 51, fig. 4—Dana, U. S. Explor. Exped., 1852, p.“1001.
Female.—The first and second joints of the peduncle of the superior an- tenn short; the last more than twice the length of the first two. The first and second pairs of thoracic feet with the carpal joint produced an- tero-inferiorly, and the produced portion evenly set with sharp spines along its anterior edge; the following joint, which antagonizes with the produced portion of the preceding, slightly arched and spinous along its inferior edge; the last joint notched below the end, and furnished with a ribbed, pectinated appendage on either side of its base; the third joint prolonged anteriorly below, truncated, and set around with short, sharp bristles or spines. The second pair of legs longer than the first. The third and fourth pairs with the basal joint armed behind, at its ex- tremity, with a sharp spine; the basal joint of the fifth pair armed in the same manner as the two preceding, but the spine is much larger in the former; there is likewise a spine on the middle of the following joint, in front. The third joint of the fifth pair enlarged, arched above, and lengthened; the fourth joint, or palm, long, attenuated at its artien- lation with the third, and gradually broadening to its junction with the fifth joint, arched above, the inferior angle produced anteriorly into a long and stout point, corresponding to the immovable finger of the Cancride, the anterior border with two stout, prominent teeth, the upper the larger, tuberculated on the edge towards the movable finger, and beset with a few bristles or hairs; the fifth joint, or movable finger, longer than the anterior border of the palm, arched above, and with a broad prominence on the middle of the inferior margin; the last joint very small, and in old subjects fused with the preceding joint. The basal joint of the sixth and seventh pairs of legs armed at the ex- tremity, in front, with a short spine; and the second and third joints of the last pair with a prominent, rounded projection on the anterior surface, that on the second joint more pointed. The first pair of caudal appendages extending almost as far backward as the extremity of the
6 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
third pair; the second pair falling short of the articulation of the rami of the third pair, and terminating about opposite the articulation of the rami of the first pair. Telson minute, unguiform.
JMale.—The fifth pair of thoracic legs relatively shorter in the male; all the joints of the leg individually shorter and stouter than the corre- sponding parts in the female. The produced portion of the fourth joint, corresponding with the immovable finger of a crab, more produced dewnward, and less anteriorly, and arises from about the middle of the inferior surface. The fifth joint is more curved at its proximal extrem- ity, so as to antagonize with the produced portion of the fourth joint. These sexual characters of the fifth pair of legs are only developed in the mature male; in the young of this sex, the fifth pair partakes of the characters, more or less, of the young female.
There were examined twenty-eight specimens of this species, coming from many different localities in the Pacific Ocean, varying in length from 4 to 21™™, and there was found no material variation in the struc- tural character of the prehensile organ, dependent upon age (presuming the size of the specimen to be dependent upon its age); that of 4™™, as well as that of 21™™, presenting all the essential characteristics of the species as described and figured by Guérin. The shape of the hand varies somewhat with size, but not sufficient to lead to a mistaken iden- tity of the species. In the young of from 4 to 6™, the hand is almost as deep posteriorly as anteriorly, and all the joints are relatively shorter and stouter. As the animal increases in size the parts become length- ened, and the hand is much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly. In one specimen only, did the teeth on the anterior surface of the hand show any variation; in that, the detached tooth, nearest the produced portion, was wanting. P. custos, probably, represents this occasional variation. In another example, the prominence on the concave surface of the movable finger was very prominent, almost tooth-like. With these exceptions, | found no tendency to variation in these parts, which is contrary to the researches of Claus. According to this authority, P. atlantica is nothing more than the immature female form of P. sedentaria. I think, however, that the validity of the species will no longer be ques- tioned, now that the male form of P. atlantica is presented.
Locality (of those examined): Pacific Ocean, north and south of the equator, from latitude 30° 42’ south to 37° north; and from longitude S1° 40’ west to 160° 25/ west. The temperature of the water varied from 60° to 79° Fahr.
PHRONIMA PACIFICA, Streets. (Plate I, Fig. 3, 3a.) Phronima sedentaria, Claus, Zeitschrift wissen. Zoologie, Leipzig, 1872, XXII, pls. xxvi, xxvii, fig. 1-12. Phronima pacifica, Streets, Bulletin of the National Museum, Ne. 7, Washington, 1877, p. 128.
Female.—The first and second joints of the superior antenne short
(the first narrow, the second broad); the last joint about twice the length
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. q
of the first and second combined. The structure of the first and second paiis of thoracic feet similar to those of P. atlantica. The spine on the posterior extremity of the basal joint of the third and fourth pairs is wanting in the present species, and in its place is a bristle-like hair. The fifth pair of legs are relatively shorter, when compared with those of atlantica; a prominent spine on the posterior extremity of the basai joint, but none on the following joint, in front; the third joint short, broad, and considerably arched above; the fourth joint (palm) broadly quadrate, almost as broad as Jong, the superior border rounded pos- teriorly to the articulation of the third joint, the lower border slightly curved, the character of the dentition on the anterior border similar to that of atlantica in the general arrangement of the teeth, but the teetir are not nearly so prominent, or pointed, the lower, single tooth but slightly separated from the larger crenulated tubercle; the prolonged inferior angle more curved upward, and shorter than in the former spe- cies. The fifth joint curved, about as long as the anterior margin of the palm, a low convexity on the inferior margin. . The first pair of caudal appendages do not reach as far backward as the third pair, ex- tending to, or slightly beyond, the middle of the rami of the last pair; the second pair extends to, or slightly beyond, the point of articulation of the rami of the third pair, and more than half way the length of the branches of the first pair.
The characters of the fifth, or prehensile pair of legs, and the rela- tive length of the second pair of caudal appendages are sufficient to readily distinguish this species from P. atlantica.
In the young of 3™" the shape of the hand is the same as in the adult. On the anterior margin there are, in the place of the den- tated tubercle, two or three pointed teeth, springing from a slightly elevated base. The hand of the male is similar to that of the female, except that the immovable finger rises from a more receding angle, which, however, is less receding than that observed in P. atlantica.
Claus confuses this species with P. sedentaria. (Vide Zeitschrift wis- sen. Zoologie, Leipzig, 1872, xxii, pls. xxvi, xxvii, fig. 1-12.)
The number of specimens examined was ten—nine females and one male. Their lengths varied from 3 to 12™".
Locality—Pacitie Ocean, north and soath of the equator—tfrom lat- itude 40° north to 30° 42’ south; and from longitude 97° 14’ west to 157° 37’ west. The temperature of the water of the localities whence the specimens were obtained varied from 66° to 73° Fahr.
The following factS may be deduced by comparison with P, atlantica. The present species is smaller in size, less numerous in the localities given, and a relatively larger proportion of those in the collection cams from localities south of the equator.
PHRONIMELLA, Claus.
The shape of the head and antenne, and the general form of the thorax and abdomen very similar to Phronima. The third pair of
8 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
thoracic feet long—much longer than the succeeding pair. The fifth pair enlarged, and used for prehension; the extremity, or claw, resembling that of the Squilla—the movable finger (fifth joint) flexing against the anterior aspect of the palm, which is furnished with teeth. Three pairs of styliform caudal appendages;* the second, or middle pair short, or rudimentary.
Sexual differences.—Males smaller than the females, and more robust. In the females the second pair of caudal appendages are rudimentary, almost obsolete; in the males well developed.
In respect to the antenne and other parts of the body the sexual differences are similar to those observed in Phronima.
PHRONIMELLA ELONGATA, Claus. (Plate I, Fig. 4, 4a, 5, 5a.)
Phronima elongata, Claus, Wiirzburger naturwissen. Zeitschrift, Wiirzbuarg, 1862, IIT, p. 247, pl. vi, fig. 6-i1l (male and eae): ve ae f. wissen. Zooiogie, Leipzig, 1863, XII, p. 193, pl. xix, figs. 2,3, 7 (female).
Phronimelia elongata, Claus, Zeitschrift f. wissen, ine Leipzig, 1872, XXII, pp. 333,386, 3872 i
Anchylonyx hamatus, Streets, Builetin of the Nationai Museam, No. 7, Washington, 1877, p. 131 (femaie).
Female.—The first joint of the superior antenne short; the second long and with a few auditory hairs at its apex. The first and seeond pairs of thoracic feet shorter than the succeeding pairs; the first shorter than the second, with the fourth joint hardly produced at its posterior distal extremity, the produced portion spine-like; the second pair with the fourth joint elongate and slender, and with the spine on the pos- terior distal extremity often wanting; where it is present it is much smaller than that on the corresponding joint of the first pair. The third pair of thoracic feet extremely elongate, nearly as long as the animal, the excessive lengthening being in the last two joints; the bases of the third and fourth pairs of feet spinous along the posterior edge. The base of the fifth, or prehensile, pair longer than that of the preceding pairs, and spinous on the anterior edge, two or three spines on the posterior edge near the distal extremity; the anterior edge of the second, third, and fourth joints spinous; the fourth joint enlarged at its extremity, and armed with four or five large teeth, against which the following joint, or finger, impinges; the lowest of the teeth the largest, and touches the finger about its middle ; the fifth joint about one-third the length of the fourth, arched; the claws of all the pairs of feet anchylosed with the fifth joint, and fixed at a right angle to it, form-
ing a hook, and the apex of the fifth joint slightly produced as a Sean,
acute spine. ‘The bases of the last two pairs somewhat Club shaped,
*Claus states that there are “only two pairs of styliform caudal appendages.” This is true of the female, but not of the male. In one of his plates, where the cau- dal extremity of a male is given, the three pairs of styliform appendages are very clearly represented.
Proceedings Nat. Mus., vol. v, 1882. PLATE I.
lie. 3a. Oo
PHRONIMID 2 OF NoRTH PACIFIC SURVEYING EXPEDITION.
Ler’ * 7
* ae ; ' aya st Mi Pr — oy ‘ ee 8 > Se ae he : 4 ; Pore a AS aks. oe 2 ee oe ; ave bate sre
‘a 7 ae oT OS a a :
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 9
and apex armed with a spine in front; a spine on the anterior edge ot the following joint. The first pair of caudal appendages terminate half way the rami of the third pair ; the second pair rudimentary, represented only by a projecting tubercle.
Male.—The base of the superior antenne stouter than in the female, the first joint broad, the second long and straight, with its inferior apex produced, and its lower edge densely hairy; the first and second joints of the flagellum subequal, and together about as long as the third; the third and fourth subequal, the remainder of the flagellum lost. The inferior antenne more slender than the superior ; peduncle three-jointed, and bent upward at the third joint; the first joint broad, the others successively diminishing in breadth; flagellum very long, one-half, or more, than the length of the body, filamentous, joints elongate, the first the longest, the remainder subequal. The under surface of the flagella of both pairs furnished with long, equidistant hairs. The body of the animal smaller and stouter than the female; the last two joints of the third pair of feet relatively shorter, and all the feet shorter and more robust; the fifth joint of the fifth pair about one-half the length of the fourth joint, and impinges on the large tooth anterior to its middle. The second pair of caudal appendages well developed, and extend to the commencement of the rami of the first pair.
The number of specimens examined was seven—six females and one male—varying in lengths from 9 to 15™™, and coming from localities in the Pacific Ocean north and south of the equator, from latitude 34° 00/ north to latitude 30° 40’ south, and from longitude 102° 43’ west to longitude 150° 00’ west. Claus first describes the species as coming from the Mediterranean Sea. The length of the male specimen, 10™™.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Phronima atlantica (female). Fifth thoracic foot; 1a. Caudal appendages. Fig. 2. Phronima atlantica (male). Fifth thoracic foot.
Fig. 3. Phronima pacifica (female). Fifth thoracic foot; 3 a. Caudal appendages. Fig. 4. Phronimella elongata (male). Fifth thoracic foot; 4 a, Caudal appendages.
Fic. 5. Phronimella elongata (female). Fifth thoracic foots 3; 9a. Caudal appends
WASHINGTON, D. C., March 1, 1882.
DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL NEW RACES OF AMERICAN BIRDS. By ROBERT RIDGWAY. 1. METHRIOPTERUS CURVIROSTRIS OCCIDENTALIS.*
Cu.—Similar to M. curvirostris, Swains., but tail much longer, colors darker and browner, spots of lower parts better defined and regularly
* METHRIOPTERUS CURVIROSTRIS OCCIDENTALIS Ridgw., MS. “¢ Harporhynchus curvirostris” LAwr. Mem. Boston Soe. N. H. II. pt. ili, No. 2, 1874, 267 (Tepie and Mazatlan).
10 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cuneate or deltoid on the breast, the posterior lower parts suffused with much deeper fulvous, and the tail-spots pale isabella-color or brown- ish white, instead of pure white.
Adult; Above grayish brown, the remiges and tail more brownish; middle and greater wing-coverts sometimes narrowly tipped with dull white, but these markings occasionally quite obsolete; three or four outer tail-feathers tipped with dull brownish white or pale isabella- color, the spots about .35-.40 of an inch wide on inner web of lateral feathers, successively much more restricted on the others. Lower parts pale isabella-color, paler on chin and throat, which are nearly white, as is sometimes also the breast and middle of the abdomen, the color grad- ually deepening into brownish ochraceous or fulvous on the flanks, anal region, and erissum. Jugulum marked with distinet, regularly cuneate or deltoid, spots of grayish browa, like the color of the upper parts; breast and sides marked with roundish, elliptical, or tear-shaped spots of the same, the spots largest on the breast, where sometimes more or less blended. Bill black, the basal portion of the mandible more brown- ish; legs and feet dark brownish. Wing, 4.45-4.70 (4.56); tail, 5.00-5.20 (5.10); culmen, 1.12-1.30 (1.20); bill from nostril, .90-1.15 (1.02); gonys, -(0-.85 (.77); tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, 1.00-1.10 (1.05).*
Hab.—Coast region of western Mexico, in the vicinity of Tepie and Mazatlan (‘common resident”).
2. MIMUS GILVUS LAWRENCEI.
Cu.—Differing from true M. gilvus in much longer wing and tail, de- cidedly smaller and slenderer bill, decidedly lighter and browner gray of upper parts, much less distinet light superciliary stripe, and other details of coloration. From var. g/acilis is much less distinetly black wings, with less sharply contrasted light markings, upper parts browner, the bill smaller and more slender, ete. _
Adult: Above uniform brownish gray (much as in JM. polyglottus, but rather browner); wings and tail dusky (not black), the greater coverts and remiges broadly edged with brownish gray (like the back), the mid- dle and greater wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white (forming two narrow bands), and the extreme base of the primaries white, usually, however, concealed by the primary coverts; three to five outer tail- feathers abruptly tipped with white, this 1.40-1.65 inches in extent on the outer feather, which has the outer web mostly or entirely white; the middle rectrices narrowly and indistinetly whitish or pale grayish at extreme tips. <A very indistinct paler superciliary stripe, strongly con- trasted only with the dusky lores; an indistinct dusky post-ocular streak ; eyelids pure white. Lower parts dull white, purer on the throat and belly, the jugulum shaded with pale grayish, the flanks and anal-region, sometimes the crissum also, more or less strongly tinged with buff. Bill,
* Extreme and average measurements of 4 adults.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ph:
legs, and feet, black;. iris “gray,” “light olive,” or “yellow” (SuMI- CHRAST, MS.). Wing 4.30-4.50 (4.40), tail 4.90-5.20 (5.02), culmen .65- .67 (.66), tarsus 1.20-1.35 (1.27), middle toe .80-.85 (.82).
Hab.—Istihmus of Tehuantepec (Tehuantepec City: F. Sumichrast).
Types in U.S. Nat. Mus. (Nos. 59678, ¢, and 59677, 2°, Tehuantepec City, October 8 and 29, 1869: I°. Sumichrast).
The bird described above is a well-marked race, apparently referable to M. gilvus, though possibly (with M. gracilis, Cabanis, of Yucatan, Guatemala, and Honduras) distinct specitically. A considerable number of specimens of the various forms referred by authors to JZ. gilvus, rep- resenting many localities, have been examined in this connection, and the result appears to justify the subdivision of that species into several races, as follows:
A. Whitish superciliary stripe very distinct.
a. gilvus. Above dark brownish gray, general outer surface of the wings not distinctly darker. Wing 3.85-4.40 (4.08), tail 3.90-5.00 (4.39), culmen .70-.80 (.73), tarsus 1.18-1.52 (1.27), middle toe .80-.90 (.83). Hab.—Guiana, Tobago, Grenada, Sta. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Martinique.* (10 specimens exain- ined.)
f. melanopterus. Above much lighter gray, the wings distinctly darker, by reason of narrower paler edgings. Wing 4 60-4.75, (4.67), tail 4.80-5.30 (5.12), culmen .72-.80 (.77), tarsus 1.35- 1.38 (1.36), middle toe .88-1.00 (.92). Hab.—Venezuela and Colombia. (4 Specimens.)
5. Superciliary stripe very indistinct.
y- gracilis. Above deep gray (about intermediate in shade between gilvus and melanopterus), the wings pure black, in abrupt and very conspicuous contrast, and with the clear white markings very Sharply defined. Wing 4.15-4.80 (4.49), tail 5.00-5.80 (0.38), culmen .70-.75 (.72), tarsus 1.20-1.37 (1.51), middle toe .80-.90 (.87). Hab.—Guatemala, Honduras, and Yucatan. (5 specimens.
6. lawrenceit. Above decidedly brownish gray, the wings about as in M. melanopterus. Wing 4.30-4.50 (4.40), tail 4.90-5.20 (5.02), culmen .65-.67 (.66), tarsus 1.20-1.35 (1.27), middle toe .80-.85 (.82). Hab.—Southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec). (3 specimens. )
The synonymy of the several forms is as follows:
a. GILVUS.
Turdus gilvus VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. ii, 1807, 15, pl. 68 bis (Guiana); Nouv. Dict. xx, 1818, 296; Enc. Méth. 1823, 678.
*A very young bird, unquestionably of this species collected by Ober (Nat. Mus., No. 75125; orig. No. 798; ‘‘August”’).
12 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mimus gilvus JARDINE Ann. N. H. ser. 2, xx, 1847, 329 (Tobago).—Sct. P. Z. S., 1859, 342.—TAYLOR Ibis 1864, 80 (Trinidad).—Sremper, P. Z. 8. 1871, 268 (Sta. Lucia, W.1.); ib. 1872, 648 (do.).—Scu. & Satv. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 3 (part).—Bou- CARD, Cat. Av. 1876, 146 (Guiana).—Lawr. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 1878, 187 (St. Vincent, W. I.); ib. 1879, 268 (Grenada, W. I.).—Satv. & Gop. Biol. Centr. Am. Aves, i, 1879, 36 (part).
“¢ Mimus melanopterus” (part) Sci. P. Z. 8S. 1859, 342 (spec’s from Trinidad and To- bago) ; Cat. Am. B. 1861, 9 (Trinidad).
f. MELANOPTERUS.
Mimus melanopterus LAwr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1849, 35, pl. 2 (Venezuela).—Sct. P. Z. 1859, 342 (part: spee’s from New Granada and Venezuela); Catal. Am. B. 1861, 9 (Rio Negro and Bogota).—Sci. & Sav. P. Z. 8. 1868, 1566 ( Vene- zuela).—WYATT, Ibis, 1871, 320 (Sta. Marta, New Granada).
Mimus columbianus CaBAN. Mus. Hein. i, Jan. 1851, 82 (Colombia; Venezuela).
y. GRACILIS.
Mimus gracilis CABAN. Mus. Hein. i, Jan., 1851, 83 (Honduras?).—Scu. & SALy. Ibis, 1859, 5 (Belize ; Vera Paz).—Scu. P. Z. 8S. 1859, 343 (Guatemala; Honduras), Cat. Am. B. 1861, 9, No. 58 (Salama, Guatamala; Honduras).—Moorr, P. Z. S. 1859, 55 (Belize).—Tayutor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagua, Honduras).— OWEN Ibis, 1861, 60 (San Geronimo, Guat.; fig of egg, pl. ii, fig. 2).—Barrpb, Review, 1864, 54 (San Geronimo).—Lawr. Ann. Lyc., N. Y., ix, 1869, 199 (Merida, Yucatan).—FRANTzIUS, Jour. fiir Orn. 1859, 290.
6 Mimus gilvus” (part) Sct. & Satyv. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 3 (‘‘ Central America to Guat- emala”).—SaLy. & Gop. Biol. Centr. Am. Aves, i, 1879, 36 (Merida, Yuea- tan; Belize, Comayagua, Light-house, and Glover’s reefs, Honduras; Salama, San Geronimo, plain of Zacapa, upper Montagua valley, Duenas, and Jutiapa, Guatemala).
6. LAWRENCEI.
“* Mimus gracilis” Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 12 (Tehuantepec City).
3. MERULA FLAVIROSTRIS GRAYSONL*
Cu.—Above grayish brown, slightly grayer on the nape, decidedly ashy on primaries, upper tail-coverts, and outer webs of tail-feathers, the wing-coverts and scapulars yellowish brown or raw-umber-brown ; lores dusky. Malar region, chin, and throat, white, streaked (except on chin) with brownish dusky; jugulum light grayish brown, or brown- ish gray, indistinctly streaked with darker; breast, sides, and flanks, plain light brown or grayish ochre; axillars and lining of wings deeper, more reddish, ochraceous; abdomen, anal region, and crissum, white ; tibi light dingy grayish. Bill yellowish, dusky at tip and on basal portion of culmen; “iris reddish brown” (GRAYSON); legs and feet light brown (dull yellowish in life?). Wing 4.80-4.85, tail 3.90-4.00, eulmen .80-.85, bill from nostril .60, tarsus 1.35, middle toe .80-.90. Hab.—Tres Marias Islands, off coast of Western Mexico.
Types, Nos. 37322, 3, and 37323, 2, U.S. Nat. Mus.; Tres Marias, Jan. 1865; Col. A. J. Grayson.
* MERULA FLAVIROSTRIS GRAYSONI, Ridgway, MS. “Turdus flavirostris” LAWRENCE, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1871, 276; Nat. Hist. Tres Mariasand Socorro, 1871, 17; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. pt. 3, No. 2, 1874, p. 266.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13
4, SIALIA SIALIS GUATEMALA.*
Cu.—Similar to S. sialis of the eastern United States, but with de- cidedly longer wing and tail, the cinnamon of breast, ete., paler; ° with the back decidedly bluish.
¢ adult: Above uniform rich cobalt blue (exactly as in S. sialis), the shafts of the rectrices and remiges deep black, and the ends of the primaries dusky black. Chin, throat, breast, sides, and flanks, pale cinnamon; abdomen white; anal region and lower tail-coverts white, the latter tinged with blue, and with dusky shafts. Bill and feet deep black; iris brown. Wing 4.15-4.40, tail 2.80-3.00, culmen .50, tarsus .80-.85, middle toe .62-.65.
2 adult: Above dull grayish blue, more brownish across the nape; feathers of pileum and back with blackish shaft-streaks (obsolete in winter plumage); rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, bright blue, lighter and more greenish than in the ¢; wings dull blue; throat, jugulum, breast, sides, and flanks, pale dull cinnamon; abdomen, anal region, and ecrissum, white. Bill, tarsi, and toes, black; iris, brown. Wing 4,00-4.10, tail 2.70-2.80.
Hab.—Highlands of Guatemala and Honduras.
A considerable series of specimens of Guatemalan Bluebirds are quite uniform in their characters, as described above. It is somewhat strange that this extreme southern form should resemble much more closely in colors the true S. sialis of the eastern United States than the S. azurea of eastern Mexico, but such is nevertheless the case. Speci- mens in the National Museum collection are from central Guatemala (“Coban to Clusec”), and Vera Paz (Tactic and Coban). I have not seen a specimen from Honduras, but the birds of that country are prob- ably identical with those from Guatemala.
5. CHAMAA FASCIATA HENSHAWI.
Cu.—Differing from C. fasciata of the coast district of California in very much paler and grayer colors. Above brownish gray, becoming decidedly ashy on sides of head and neck, the tail showing very indis- tinct narrow transverse bars of a darker shade (quite obsolete in some specimens). Beneath pale vinaceous-buff, more or less tinged with pale ashy, especially on the sides. Wing 2.20-2.50, tail 3.20-3.70, cul- men .40-.45, tarsus .95-1.05.
*SIALIA SIALIS GUATEMAL, Ridgw., MS.
“ Sialia wilsoni” Sci. & Satv. Ibis, 1859, 8, (highlands of Guatemala; ‘‘ El Azu- lejo”); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 4 (part).—SALVIN, Ibis, 1860, 29 (Coban and Due- flas; resident).—TAyLor, Ibis, 1860, 15, 110 (highlands of Honduras, pine region, alt. 5,000 ft.).—OWEN, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala; descr. nest and eggs).—Scu. Cat. Am. B. 1862, 10 (part).
“ Sialia sialis” Sarv. & Gopm. Biol. Centr. Am. Aves, i, 1879, 45 (part).
‘« Sialia azurea” Barrp, Review, 1864, 62 (part).—SEEBOHM, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. yv, 1881, 331 (Guatemala).
14. PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Hab.—Interior districts of California, including west slope of Sicrra Nevada; north to Sacramento, south to Walker’s Basin, Tejon Mts., and San Diego.
The differences in coloration between this interior form and the coast race (true fasciata) are very striking on comparison of specimens, and may be briefly tabulated as follows:
Var. FASCIATA. Above deep umber-brown, more grayish on side of head and neck; beneath deep cinnamon-buft, or light cinnamon, the throat and jugulum more or less distinetly streaked with dusky or grayish. Wing 2.20-2.60, tail 3.20-3.70, culmen .40-.45, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Hab.—Coast of California, south to Sta. Clara, north to or beyond Nicasio.
Var. HENSHAWI. Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the sides of head and neck decidedly ashy; beneath pale cinnamon-buff, or pale vinaceous-buff, usually more or less suffused with pale ashy, the darker streaks on jugulum, ete., nearly or quite obsolete. Wing 2.20-2.50, tail 3.20-3.70, culmen .40-.45, tarsus .95-1.05. Hab.— Interior of California, including western slope of Sierra Nevada.
As may be seen from the above measurements (taken from seven aduit specimens of fasciata and eight of henshawi), the dimensions of the two forms are essentially identical. The extreme development of the characters distinguishing OC. henshawi is seen in specimens from Walker’s Basin and the Tejon Mts., collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, to whom this new form is dedicated. Specimens from Sacramento are darker, but still not enough so to make them referable to the coast form, to which all specimens from Stockton seem to belong. The darkest ex- amples of C. fasciata, as restricted, come from the coast district north of San Francisco Bay (Nicasio, Marin Co., C. A. Allen).
1. CHAM:A FASCIATA (typica). Parus fasciatus GAMB. Proce. Phil. Acad. Aug. 1845, 265 (‘‘California”).
Chamea fasciata GAMB. Proc. Phil. Acad. Feb. 1847, 154; Jour. Philad.
Acad, i, 1847, 34, pl. viii, fig. 3 (adult).—CaBban. Weigm. Archiv. 1848,
i, 102—Cass. Ilustr. 1853, 39, pl. 7 (adult).—Barrb, B. N. Am. 1858,
370 (part); Review, 1864, 76 (part).—Coorrr, B. Cal. i, 1870, 39 (part;
“Coast of California, north to lat. 38°”).—B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. i,
1874, 84, pl. vi, fig. 8.—BrLpiIne, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 1879, 402 (Stock-
ton; constant resid. ).
2, CHAMSA FASCIATA HENSHAWI.
Chamea fasciata BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 370 (part; specs. from Sacramento and Ft. Tejon); Review, 1864, 76 (specs. Sacramento Valley, Ft. Tejon, and San Diego). XANTUS, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1859, 191 (Ft. Tejon).—B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. i, 1874, 84 (part).—Cooprr, Orn. Cal. i, 1870, 39 (part; specs. from San Diego and foot-hills of Sierra Nevada).—NELsON, Proc. Boston Soe. N. H. XVili, 1875, 356 (Nevada, Cal.).—HENSHAW, Rep. Wheeler’s Exp. 1876, App. J. J. p. 228 (‘*Chamoea”; Tejon Mts. and Walker’s Basin, Aug.—Noy.).— BELDING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. i, 1879, 402 (part; Marysville, Yuba Co., and Murphy’s,* Calaveras Co,; constant resid. ).
*Altitude, 2,400 feet.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15
6. PERISOREUS CANADENSIS NIGRICAPILLUS.
Cu.—Similar to P. canadensis fumifrons in darkness of coloration, but forehead, lores, chin, throat, and sides of neck distinctly white, in marked and abrupt contrast with the dark color of adjacent parts; crown, occi- put, and upper part of auricular region decidedly black, with little or no admixture of slaty anteriorly. Differing from true canadensis in much darker coloration throughout, much blacker crown, black. auriculars, less extensive white area on forehead, and more marked contrast of the white portions of head and neck, with adjacent darker colors.
adult: (No. 85950, U.S. Nat. Mus. Labrador, Apr. 2,1880; ‘“Schnei- der”; presented by Dr. L. Stejneger.) Whole forehead (back to about .75 of an inch from the anterior points of the nasal tufts), lores, malar region, chin, throat, and sides of neck soiled white, many of the feathers of the chin and throat having black shafts; crown and occiput, with upper and posterior portions of auricular region, deep black, somewhat mixed with slaty anteriorly and posteriorly. Upper parts dark dull slate, lighter and more grayish on the nape, and changing to plumbeous on the secondaries and tail-feathers, all of which are narrowly bordered at ends with white, which is about .25 of an inch wide on lateral rectrices; primaries edged with grayish white beyond their sinuations. Lower parts dark brownish gray, quite abruptly defined against the soiled white of the jugulum. Bill and feet deep black. Wing, 5.40; the pri- maries 1.10 longer than secondaries; tail, 5.30, its gradation only .75; culinen, .85; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, .65.
It is only after very careful comparison with numerous specimens of the true P. canadensis from Maine, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Min- nesota, and various localities in the interior of British America, and of an even larger series of P. canadensis Jumifrons from Alaska, that I have concluded to base a new geographical race of this species upon the single specimen described above. That I am fully justified in doing so is evident from the fact that not one specimen among nearly 100 adult birds of this genus resembles very closely the specimen in question. In all probability the form to which the present specimen belongs inhabits the coast-district of Labrador, and would thus represent on the Atlantic side the littoral race of Alaska, called P. canadensis fumifrons.
SYNOPSIS OF THE WEST INDIAN MVWADESTES.
By LEONHARD STEJNEGER.
Having had occasion to examine the various species of Myadestes* in connection with a study of the genera of Turdide, certain differences in the wing-structure among species of the West Indian group, typified by
* So the name is originally spelt by Swarnson, and as “vais found besides uwvra, I have preferred the older form to AGASsIz’s restoration.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
M. genibarbis SwAIns., led me into a further examination of the species of this section of the genus, with the aid of additional material. The inspection of the fine series of specimens, which, through the kindness of the authorities of the U. S. National Museum, I have been enabled to bring together, has resulted in a discovery of such interesting rela- tionships between the forms in question, that I have concluded to put my notes into the shape of a monograph of all the West Indian species.
The National Museum collection, while probably more complete than any other, is still lacking in specimens from a large number of the West Indian Islands.t Mr. GEoRGE N. LAWRENCE, of New York City, has kindly placed at my disposal his entire collection of species of this genus. Mr. J. A. ALLEN, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., has loaned me seven specimens from the island of Sta. Lucia, while Mr. C. B. Cory, of Boston, has generously put in my hands the unique type of his M. montanus, from Haiti. These, together with the collection of the National Museum, make a series of 35 specimens, which represent very satisfactorily all the forms herein described, with the exception of M. montanus.
I desire to express my obligations to my friend ROBERT RmmMGWAyY for the kindness with which he has rendered me assistance in the prepa ration of these pages.
WASHINGTON, D.C., February 10, 1882.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.
a, Throat and crissum orange-brown, abruptly defined; breast slaty blue, a patch of white on under eyelid. b!. Upper parts sooty black, back and breast different in color. 1. M. sibilans LAWR. b?. Upper parts slaty blue; back and breast of the same color. cl, Legs light yellow; no yellow armilla on tibia. @, Ears streaked with white; a white, or white and brown stripe along lower part of cheeks, bordered beneath by a blackish line. e', Chin of same color as throat, not white; whole abdomen like the crissum. 2. M. genibarbis SWAINS. e?. Chin white, abruptly defined ; upper abdomen like the breast. fi. Only the fore half of the malar stripe white, the hind part brown ; tail-feathers not shorter than wing. 3. MW. sancte-lucie STEJNEGER. f2. Almost the whole malar stripe white, only a few feathers at the lower end tinged with brown; tail feathers not longer than wing. 4. M,. dominicanus STEJNEGER.
+Of the West Indian Islands inhabited by a species of Myadestes, but from which the National Museum possesses no specimens, are St. Domingo and Sta. Lucia. No species are known to occur upon the islands of Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, or Grenada, but as these islands are mountainous and resemble in other physical features those upon which species of Myadestes are known to occur, it is altogether probable that each one of these also possesses its peculiar species of the genus.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ea
d. Ears blackish, not streaked; extreme point of base of lower mandible with an almost inappreciable white or brown spot.
e}. Whole chin, and the spot on the malar apex brown. 5. M. montanus Cory.
e?. Extreme point of chin, and malar apex, each with a white spot. 6. MW. solitarius Barr.
?c?, Legs brown; a yellow armilla round lower end of tibia. 27. MW. armillatus (VIEILL.). a*, Whole under surface uniform whitish; a white’ring round the eye.
8. M. elisabeth (LEMB.).
1. MYADESTES SIBILANS Lawr. [Plate II, Fig. 6.] 1847.—Ptilogonys armillatus GossE, Birds of Jamaica, p. 198 (mec Vieill.) (part). 1878.—Myiadestes sibilans Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Ac. Se. I, p. 148; Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 188.—OBER, Camps in the Caribbees (p. 199).—LisTER, Ibis, 1880, p. 39.
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 74062 (3 ad. St. Vincent, Nov. 3, 1877.—F. A. OBER). .
First primary about half the 2d, not faleate; 2d shorter than 7th, normal in shape; 3d, 4th,.5th, and 6th longest; tail much shorter than wing, and double rounded; 3d and 4th pairs the longest.
Above smoky black, forehead, crown, nape and sides of head more intense; lower hack, rump, and upper tail-coverts more slaty, with a dis- tinct tinge of olivaceous. Chin and the upper third of the malar stripe white, as also the lower eyelid, and a narrow stripe along the shaft of each ear-covert; throat and the lower two-thirds of the malar stripe bright orange-rufous, a well defined black line separating the malar stripe from the throat; breast, upper part of abdomen, and flanks clear ash-gray, many feathers, especially on the flanks, edged with rufous, remaining underparts of the same color as the throat, only a little paler; tibia gray, each feather tipped with rufous. Wings black with the edge, and a large patch at the base on theinner web of each of the six inner primaries, pure white, on the three innermost primaries also extending on to the outre web, and thus forming a very distinct white speculum; base of outer web of the inner secondaries dark ash forming an obscure band ; the innermost secondaries with a narrow edge of faint olivaceous ; under wing coverts and axillars whitish gray, several feathers being edged or tipped with rufous. The innermost pair of tail-feathers grayish-black at the base, becoming pure and deep black towards the tip; the follow- ing three pairs uniform black ; the fifth pair has a large wedge-shaped white spot on the inner web along the outer two-thirds of the shaft, outer web also tipped with white; on the outermost pair the white spot extends further towards the base, only leaving a small portion at the base of both webs black, the terminal third of the outer web being dusky ash. Bill black; legs clear pale yellow, claws horny brown. “Iris bright hazel” (LAWwR. I. ¢.).
As to the dimensions see the table below.
Another male (No. 74065, U. S. Nat. Mus.) has an irregular white
Proc. Nat. Mus, 82 2 Jume o, F882.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
spot at the tip of the third of the tail-feather from the outside, which is not to be found in any of the other specimens examined.
The ¢ does not differ from the ¢ either in color or size.
Table of dimensions.
When col-
Locality. lected.
Collection.
Museum num- ber. Collector’s num- ber.
Total length.* Tail-feathers. Middle toe with claw. Exposed culmen
Sex and age.
Collector. Tarsus.
: mm.|mm.| mm.) mm.| mm.\mm. U.S. Nat.M. | 74061 | 423 | F. Ober| St. Vincent} 9 ad. | Nov. 1, 1877 | 190} 88] 71! 25! 22 ie
Moneseae LOWPASS ES SEG ye ellonorik)) eeceee o ad. | Nov. 3, 1877 | 180 | 89! 73] 25] 21] 11 Worse. 74065) "4355 Olena |peee COme eee o ad. | Nov. 9, 1877 | 177 | 83) 74) 23 | 21 11 Lawrence...|...--- A25y SO sae |saee OO Macrae 3 ad. | Nov. 1, 1877 | 187 89 | 72 QoL 11 DOls< ois) 225286 AD4Y | Sec OFenn| | eae Olean @ ad. | Nov. 1, 1877 | 190 | 87 | 78) 24) 22 il Average measurements of the above five specimens .....------------ 185) | 987 |) 74) 282 il | * Fresh.
HAzB.—St. Vincent. Mr. F. A. OBER states (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 188) that this bird ‘is an inhabitant of all the high ridges con- taining deep woods and ravines.” He procured several specimens from the top of the volean Souffriére (about 3,000’ from the sea) and one from “ High Woods, Sandy Bay, Carib Country.” ListER met with it in every part of the high woods that he explored.
REMARKS.—Strangely enough, the “Souffriére Bird” is the most dis- tinct and remote species of the whole rufous-throated group, although the distance between St. Vincent and Sta. Lucia is not greater than between Martinique and Dominica, not to mention the forms of St. Domingo and Jamaica, which, in spite of their remote habitat, are more nearly related to the Sta. Lucia bird than the St. Vincent species is. M. sibilans is easily distinguished by its proportionately shorter tail and longer tarsus, the normal second primary, the black color of the upper surface, and the white speculum on the wing. Besides, the rufous color on the under surface is mixed with orange, and totally different from the brownish tint of the other species.
2. MYADESTES GENIBARBIS Swans. [Plate II, Fig. 3.]
?1818.—Muscicapa armillata VIBILL. N. Dict. @Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 448 (juv., nec 1807). 1837.—Myadestes genibarbis Swans. Nat. Libr., XIII Ornith. Flycatch., p. 134, pl. 13.—BairD, Rev. N. A. Birds, I, 1866, p. 423.—Lawre. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1878, p. 352.
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 75136 (¢ ad. Martinique, July, 1877, F. A. OBER). Second primary about two and a half times the 1st, whichis attenuated,
but not faleate; 2d also attenuated towards the tip, but not sinuated; 3d normal; 2d equal to the 8th; 3d shorter than 6th; 4th, 5th, and 6th
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TS
largest. Tail considerably graduated and less emarginated, the middle pair being equal to the 2d pair from the outside; tail-feathers a little shorter than wing.
Upper surface pure slaty-plumbeous, forehead slightly washed with olivaceous; lores black; also a stripe below the white patch on the under eyelid, assuming the color of the back on the ear-coverts, each feather of which and the above-mentioned stripe having a narrow, well-defined white central streak behind, very faintly washed with brownish. From the base of lower mandible a well-defined malar stripe runs backwards, the anterior third of which is white, while the lower two-thirds have the color of the throat, from which the malar stripe is separated by a narrow, but distinct, black stripe, reaching close to the lower edge of the mandi- ble. Throat and chin chestnut-rufous, the white bases of the feathers on the latter showing somewhat through. Breast and upper sides of abdomen lighter than the back, almost clear ash-gray, becoming gradu- ally lighter towards the abdomen; remaining underparts of the same color as the throat, only somewhat paler, and assuming a faint oliva- ceous shade on the upper abdomen; tibia like the back, a few feath- ers being tipped with rufous. Wings blackish, with pale edges on the primaries and two ash-gray bars across the secondaries, leaving between them a deep black patch; wing-coverts, except the primary coverts, broadly edged with gray like the back ; innermost secondaries almost entirely so; inner web of the quills white at the base, forming @ broad bar on the under surface of the wing; edge of wing grayish white. Middle tail-feathers uniform slate-gray; the following pairs black, the three outmost with a wedge-shaped white spot on the inner web at the end, making on the innermost only one-fifth of the length of the quill, on the middle one about one-half, and on the outermost about two-thirds, the outer webs being light slate-gray for the same extent from the tip. Bill black ; legs pale brownish yellow.
The female seem to differ from the male in having the gray color of the breast less pure, this part being somewhat suffused with rufous-olive.
A young bird in the collection of Mr. Gro. N. LAWRENCE (Martinique, July, 1877, F. A. OBER), which has begun to assume the adult plumage, has the underparts dull orange-rufous, each feather with blackish edges, except on the throat and under tail-coverts, which are almost unicolor ; upper parts and small wing-coverts much darker, with small rufous spots before the black terminal edge; greater and middle wing-coverts edged at the tip with rufous. Wing-feathers elsewhere and tail almost identical with the same parts in the adults.
>
20
Table of dimensions.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
H ieee | : i | 3 |g | Bie : Sg EI A 3 2 4 Fs EE way al a a Ep 3 oe 3 Collection. z 35 S ES = 3 3 3 . IPalos es hale tas = a a = = | 2 |) eaeseatine ot | 9 o 2 = s 2 S eu eet! a |S S eyes ee 3 Bo) eu, | & | eee a 5 4 wD e H/|/F/a\/e\8 |p mm. |\mm.) mm.) mm. mm.' mm. U.S. Nat.M.| 75136 | 716 | Ober -..| Martinique -| ¢ ad-.| July,1877} 190) 87| 85| 21 19 ast Doses: Rolsio| awed om ee |eee- 0 sees Ol adel a. Ore] ie O0 nN eS Omen | Dal mea 11 Dore (OL3S i) Vid4a|s- C0) sen|beee OO sere see @ ad..|..-do 196} 85} 83] 21] 19 11 awry ..s...- |eeresemtems fi Le | Onesie es Oe sae ee eI Tv | eee Ores elena eT |i ale) ee — — Average measurements of the above three adult specimens ......---- 192} 86] 82) 21] 19 il
*Fresh.
HAB. Martinique. The label on No. 75136 states that the species is *‘ abundant in high valleys.”
REMARKS.—I have applied SwArINson’s name to this species with some hesitation, because Mr. P. L. SCLATER (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 269) states, that he has “compared the Santa Lucia skins of this bird with two examples of I. genibarbis in the Swainsonian collection at Cam- bridge (which, although not so marked, are in all probability typical specimens), and find them agree.” On the other hand, the Martinique bird agrees much better with the figure and description of SWAINSON, which give the chin as having the same color as the throat. And as it is not quite clear from the statement of Mr. ScLaTER—who expressly mentions, that the St. Lucia skins do not agree with the said figure and description—to perceive, whether the birds in the Swainsonian collee- tion differ in the same manner, I have preferred to give the name in question to the form which best agrees with the plate and the descrip- tion, and to which Prof. S. F. Barry, in his admirable review (1. c.) already has applied the name. From Professor Baird’s description it is evident that he has had before him specimens of this species, and that the determination of the locality, “Martinique,” in the Lafresnaye collection was right. Besides, it is more probable that SwWAINSON has had speci- meus from Martinique than from Sta. Lucia, since birds from the former island were common in collections, while it’ is very doubtful whether any skins at all had been brought to Europe from the latter at the time when SWAINSON described his species.
3. MYADESTES SANCTA-LUCLH Sresnecer. [Plate 1, Fig. 4.] ! 1871.—Myiadestes genibarbis ScLat. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 269.—SEMPER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 649.—Scu. and Say. Ay. Neotrop. (1873) p. 4.
Mus. Comp. Zoot, Camper. No. 29582. (Ad. Sta. Lucia. JouN SEMPER.)
Second primary two and a half times the Ist, which is attenuated and very slightly faleate; 2d attenuated and slightly sinuated at end ; od normal; 2d intermediate in length between 7th and 8th, 3d equal to 6th,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 21
3d, 4th, 5th and 6th longest. Tail as in M. genibarbis; tail-feathers equal to or a little longer than the wing.
Whole upper parts slaty plumbeous with a conspicuous olivaceous wash, becoming more intense on the lower back, but lacking on the rump and upper tail-coverts. The pattern of the head that of M. geni- barbis, except that the black stripe below the eye extends further back on the auriculars, and that the white part of the malar stripe occupies the forward half. Chin pure white, this color abruptly defined against the throat, which is rufous-chestnut. The remaining underparts like those of the Martinique bird, except that the gray of the breast ex- tends more backward on the abdomen. Wings and tail also have the same general appearance as in the above-mentioned species; on the wings, however, the black speculum of the secondaries is more reduced, the adjacent grey cross-bands being broader, and on the tail the white is more extended, especially on the outer pair, in which the middle third of the outer web is white; besides, the outer webs of the three outermost rectrices are broadly tipped with white, and the following two pairs have also very distinct white tips. Bill black, feet pale vellow.
In none of the seven specimens before me is the sex indicated; but as they show no differences from the specimen described above, I pre- sume there is no difference between the male and female.
Table of dimensions.
: . ; | | = a
A 5 3. ; je | @
Ee A ; 3 a a ees
eae 2 a te 3 2y| 8
Collection.| g35 | #5 B Locality. a S a 2 .(P8ls
a 2,2 ~ a —t i S n | on 3
2 3 3 a 8 = ew | | Sse] 2
3 = = 4 3 qo) | a | Zz | =} =F
3 ° ° a emi Z
A |d 5 a e H|EF\/sSi/aeila |e
| | mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.| mm. Mus C.Z.C.| 26714 |.---.. Semper -} Sta. Lucia -.| — ad. |..-.- maa (Seeman ee Sie | 905422) ioe eet ID easae 27388 |. - Bee LOM a te aed Oe nsscos||(——yaasl oreo ae: leases PRE EET ee eae ala Dore. - 27389 |. - doe 22-2200 Ae Kalo ere cteime Beace ys | 88} 93) 22) 20] 11 Doers. 27390 |. 34-00) = 22) 22500 A ey oes rane tee isi ta ersccare 86 | 90) 21] 21 11 Doz 322. BON eae Eee 0) eases dore o|| ied en Ileana erelctoteel sie eters 89 |; 94] 22] 22 | 11 IDNs dee 78928 | eee boat CO} see) sea), sterasiclee lt — BO dh [roceecccigs face 87 | 92] 22) 20; 12 Donte. 29582 |..-.- peed Ones ae Oxecossac See oe rece ce cee (eeeretar 89} 89/ 21 | Pal alg |
Average measurements of the above Seven specimens ........-.-.--.|..---- ets ELM) Pray PAL! | abl
HAB.—Santa Lucia. Mr. SEMPER (l.¢.) states these birds are “ gen- erally found in the virgin forest or near it,” and that ‘they are fond of cool shady places on the hills and high lands.”
REMARKS.—AIthough very nearly allied to the foregoing species, the M. sancte-lucie is easily distinguishable by the well defined white chin, the greater amount of white in the malar stripe, the darker, more chest- nut shade of the rufous of the throat, the greater extent of the gray on the lower parts, and by the olivaceous tinge of the back in front of the rump.
The differences from the next form, M. dominicanus, will be pointed out under the head of the latter.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
4. MYADESTES DOMINICANUS STEJNEGER. [Plate II, Fig. 5.]
1878.—Myiadestes genibarbis Lawk. Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 53.
U. 8S. Nat. Mus. No. 77801. (4 ad. Dominica. F. A. OBER.)
Second primary two and one-third times the 1st, which is acute and somewhat faleate; 2d attenuated but scarcely sinuated at end, inter- mediate in length between 7th and 8th; 3d equal to 6th, normal; 34d, 4th, 5th, and 6th longest. Tail somewhat graduated,* the longest feathers equal to or a little shorter than the wing.
Above slaty plumbeous, with a very faint tinge of olivaceous on head and back; lores and a narrow stripe above the eyes conspicuously suf: fused with olivaceous; almost the whole malar stripe whitish, the feathers the lower end tipped with chestnut; chin white, throat pure chestnut; breast, flanks, and abdomen, except the lower middle part of the latter, ash-gray, duller on the breast, more whitish on the abdomen, and very faintly washed with olivaceous, especially on the flanks, where more tinged with rufous ; lower middle of abdomen, crissum, and under tail- coverts chestnut-rufous ; wings and tail as in M. sancte-lucie, the light basal spot on the outer web of the innermost primaries being very con- spicuous and well defined; the black speculum on the secondaries larger, and the amount of white on the outer tail feathers rather less than in that bird; bill black, feet pale yellow.
The ¢ differs only in having a stronger wash of olive on the back, as Mr. Lawrence has already remarked (l. ¢.).
A young 2 in the first plumage, shot the 18th of September by Mr. Ober (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 77803) resembles very much the young bird of M. genibarbis from Martinique, but may be easily distinguished by the deeper tinge of the rufous, by less well-defined edgings on the under surface, and by the rufous tips of the wing-coverts being larger and better defined, forming two very distinct bands across the wing. Be- sides, the tail shows the same differences as in the adults, the 4th and oth pair being tipped with white in the Dominica bird, while those feathers are uniform black in the typical M. genibarbis.
Table of dimensions.
a (8 lee = |&
= E 5 3S a a e | &
Ps isa, 2 = a Eo 3 g:| 8
Collection. Es ss g Locality. | 8 8 3 les 3
= ~ a 5 @ | Orn
e |8 3 = a aj) m|S] sig?! 8
s 18 = i a ae ee
ay fie o a = H/Fl/Aa|/a | | a | | mm.) mm.) mm.) mm. mm. U.S. Nat. M.| 77801 | 153 | Ober.-.--| Dominica .| ¢ ad..|....-.----|--...- 89) 86 | 2a 11 Wore. 22 77802) || 60) |5-22d0.2.2\5 Sdol= see. Ol ad oe Se oe bees 92) 88] 23); 20 11 Woesesses 81780) 932 \|;2-200)e sa\sere does OUade. |[Paaaeseeee lease 91] 90} 23) 21 12 GAWIDesess ane (ee ae. TK A Oe a epeeeri a) ers 44 4 Osa Ss Eee oe ool oma oe 92 | 87] 23) 20 ual OR ee rea eeenee ae 105))|-=-.00) 2-2) 5o5s00 ea. - OV ad cs | ae eceeeeee| Cote 88} 87] 23) 19 12
ame
U.S. Nat. M.| 77803 | 366 bab ees eee OO eee | 9 juv-| Sept.18 | 190] 87] 82] 23) 21|..... Average measurements of the above five adult specimens -...|....-. 90} 88] 23 20 11
“In the other specimens the middle tail feathers are shorter, the tail thus being emarginated, as in the foregoing species. t Fresh.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oO
Has.—Dominica. ‘ Trequents the most gloomy and solitary mount- ain gorges. . . . Never found below 1,000 feet altitude.” (OBER, iIPSU. S. N: M.,.41878, p- 53:)
REMARKS.—Compared with the two foregoing forms, the Dominica bird differs in having the throat of a much richer and deeper tint, being beautiful chestnut without any mixture of rufous; the rufous of the abdomen and crissum is still more restricted than in M. sante-lucie, and is also of a deeper shade, agreeing with the color of the throat in the latter. It also differs from both in having almost the whole of the malar stripe whitish as described above. With the Santa Lucia bird it agrees in having the chin white, and the fourth and fifth pair (count- ing from outside) of the tail-feathers tipped with white, differing in both these respects from the typical M. genibarbis.
In the tint of the throat the Martinique form is exactly intermediate between the other two, as might be expected on account of the inter- mediate position of this island between Sta. Lucia and Dominica; but it is astrange fact that the birds from these latter islands agree in other respects much better than either of them do with the bird from the island between them.
The three forms here discussed are very closely allied, but as the differences mentioned above hold good through the extensive series of skins which I have been able to examine, I have not hesitated to describe them as separate forms. The singular relation between their mutual resemblances and the situation of the islands in which they occur, have convinced me that they, although originally grown out from the same parent stock, have how become distinct.
5. MYADESTES MONTANUS Cory. [Plate II, Fig. 1.] 1881.—Myiadestes montanus Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1881, p. 130.—Id. ibid. p. 151,
Mus. C. B. Cory, Boston, No. 1253 (2 ad., neighborhood of Fort Jacques, Haiti. March 3, 1881).
Second primary two and two-thirds times the 1st, which is acute and somewhat falcate, equal to the 7th, strongly sinuated and somewhat attenuated at the tip; 3d longer than the 6th, normal; 3d, 4th, and 5th longest. Tail gratuated and emarginated ; middle pair equal to the 2d pair (from outside) ; tail-feathers equal to the wing.
Above slaty plumbeous, with a very faint tinge of olivaceous on the middle of the back; lores, cheeks, and auriculars black, unstreaked; lower eyelid brownish (?) white; chin, throat, and a small patch on the malar apex, rufous-chestnut, or the same color as the throat in M. sancte- lucie; chin without any whitespot; breast, flanks, and abdomen (except the middle portion of the latter) ash-grey, as light as in J. sibilans, many of the feathers tinged with rufous; middle and lower abdomen, crissum, and under tail-coverts rufous, exactly like the same parts in sancte-lucie; tibia slaty plumbeous without rufous. Wings and tail
24 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
marked as in the allied species, with the exception that the gray on the outer web of the outer tail-feathers is more restricted and lighter in shade; fourth and fifth pair without white tips. Bill black; legs yellow; claws a little more dusky.
Total length (fresh) 177™™; wing 85™™; tail feathers $5™™; tarsus 23™™; middle toe with claw 20™"; exposed culmen 10™™.
Has.—Haiti.—The only specimen which is yet known was procured by Mr. CHARLES B. Cory in the neighborhood of Fort Jacques, Haiti, He states (l. ¢.) that it is “an apparently rare species, frequenting the summits of the highest mountains.”
REMARKS.—This species may be distinguished from the nearly related AM. solitarius from Jamaica by the absence of the white spot on the extreme chin angle, and by having the malar spot rufous instead of white. The color of the throat is less chestnut, being considerably mixed with rufous; the gray color of the breast and upper abdomen is much clearer and more mixed with rufous; the rufous on the abdomen and crissum extends farther forward on the former, and is much lighter than in the Jamaican bird. Besides, the species under consideration seems to be of smaller size.
Although only the one specimen has been examined, I have very little doubt that the species will prove to be well founded. The in- dividual variation among these birds seems to be very limited, and the differences, pointed out above, are trenchant enough to make the two forms readily distinguishable.
6. MYADESTES SOLITARIUS Barrp. [Plate II, Fig. 2.]
1847.—Ptilogonys armilattus GOssE, Birds of Jamaica, p. 198, efr. VIII (nec Vieill.).— ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861 (p. 73).—(Myiadestes) Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1863, p. 294.
1866.— Myiadestes solitarius BAIRD, Rey. Amer. Birds, I, p. 421.—(I/yiadectes) A. and E. Newton, Handb. of Jamaica for 1881, p. 107.
U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 30285 (3 ad., Port Royal Mountains, Jamaica, March, 1863. W.'T. MARCH).
Second primary about two and two-thirds times the Ist, which is acute, and very falcate,* considerably shorter than 7th, sinuated and somewhat attenuated at end; 3d shorter than 6th, conspicuously attenuated toward the tip; 4th, 5th and 6th longest. Tail graduated, and slightly emarginated, middle pair being equal to the 3d pair from outside; longest tail-feathers about equal to the wing.
Upper surface pure slaty plumbeous, without any olivaceous wash, except on the forehead; lower cheeks and auriculars black, graduating into the plumbeous of the neck on the latter, the auriculars unstreaked ; a large patch on lower eyelid, and a smaller one on malar apex, and on the extreme point of the chin-angle, white; chin and throat pure chest- nut, exactly as in M.dominicanus ; breast, flanks, and abdomen pure slaty
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ae
plumbeous on the upper breast, almost of the same shade as the back,
but becoming much lighter on the lower parts towards the belly; anal
region, crissum and under tail-coverts rufous-chestnut; tibic like the
back. Wings and tail as in the foregoing species, the edge of the wing
being purer white.t Bill black, legs yellow, claws blackish brown. The females seem not to differ materially from the males.
Mr. GossE states that the irides are hazel, or dull orange.
2 Table of dimensions. me - : gq |8 2 | 2 | 3 = ; ; ; e | @ eres 2 oe aise lees ts e aay lien cs : 3 ra op a a) Collection.} 23/83) §& Locality. = 8 8 * . |e al s ase |e) ~ 5 = a) lew. RD |Or| Oo 2 3 3 S A aljeol|a |e ie°c| 8 oi o ® 3 3 3 Ao n |S = a= = y a elie |e eee leet 5c le a | a | a |O 5 na = AIF) la ia |e | | | Mmmm mm mm mie U.S.Nat.M.| 30285 |}.....) March| Pt. Royal Mts., Jamaica.| ~ ad.| Mar.,1863 |.-..| 91 | 96 | 22 | 20] 11 IDOe== =. 74602 | 2307 | Bryant] Moneague, Jamaica... -. o ad.| Feb., 1865 |----| 91 | 90 | 21 | 20] 10 Do-.... | 74603 | 2314 Bryant AL -| 2 ad.| Feb., 1865 |..-.| 95 | 94 | 22 | 20) 10 DOs 78216 )..... ie .|—ad.| Oct., 1878 |.---| 89 | 87 | 21 | 20 10 Does. 78217 |..... ee ed -| 9 ad.| Mar.,1879|....| 91 | 91 | 23 | 20 | 10 Lawrence..|-..-.- | 23138 Bryant Q ad.| Feb., 1865 |.---| 92 | 89 | 23 | 21) 10 Dowse ss | Ss c-8 Veeteer | March ¢o ad.| Apr., 1866 |.-..) 91 | 94 | 21 | 20| 10 | | Average measurement of the above seven.specimens...-...-----..-.-------- SE SARNU LEX hee | 20; 10
HAas.— Jamaica. “It is entirely restricted to the dense highland woods; it is at times very common about the woods, above New Castle, in Port Royal Mountains, and along the ridges between that parish and Saint George’s, as well as about Abbey Green, one of the approaches to the Blue Mountains.” (MARcg, l. ¢.)
77. MYADESTES ARMILLATUS (VIEILL.).
1807.—Muscicapa armillata VIEILL. Ois. Amer. Sept. I, p. 69, pl. 42. 1866.— Vyiadestes armillatus BAIRD, Rev. Amer. Birds, I, p. 422.—ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 270.—LAWRENCE, Ann. N. Y. Acad. 1878, p. 149.
The description of VIEILLOT (1. c.*) does not agree with any of the West-Indian Myadestes yet known. That it is not the genibarbis from Martinique is evident from the description, although VIEILLOT in 1818 gives that island as the especial habitat of his bird. It may, however, be, that the description of the young bird, which he gives for the first time in N. Dict. @Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 448 (1818), belongs to the Marti- nique species, and hence the statement of the habitat. Mr. SCLATER (1. c.) thinks “It is possible that IM. armillatus verus may be the spe- cies from St. Domingo,” but the bird detected in that island by Mr. Cory agrees less with VIEILLOT’S description than any of the other
tIn this specimen, Prof. Barrb’s type, two or three feathers on each edge are tipped with rufous, which is not to be seen in the other specimens.
* And N. Dict. @Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 448 (1818), where a few phrases are changed, and the breast given as ‘‘more blackish” (plus noir) than the back, instead of ‘ paler” (plus clair) of the original description.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
known forms, and in view of the peculiarity in their geographical dis- tribution, that each of the mountainous islands has its own distinct species, it seems very improbable that another form is still to be found in St. Domingo. The most perplexing features of VIEILLOT’s bird are the brown feet and the beautiful yellow bracelet on the lower part of the tibia, and I am inclined to indorse the view of Mr. RoBERT RipeG- WAY, that it is one of the known species,* poorly described, from a specimen supplied with legs and feet belonging to a quite different bird. The strong scutellation of the tarsus, as shown in the plate, seems to indicate that this suspicion is well founded. On the other hand, it should not be overlooked that J. sibilans has the tibie colored some- what like the bird in question, and that the West-Indian islands are not yet so satisfactorily explored that anything can be said with certainty.
I therefore here reprint Professor BArRD’s translation (1. ¢.) of VIEIL- Lot’s description of the adult:
‘“¢ Bill blackish ; a white spot on the sides of the throat, and at its origin (the chin) immediately below the lower mandible (the two con- tinuous); the eye surrounded by the same color. Head, back, rump, two intermediate tail-feathers, and the breast of a grayish-slate, paler below. Wing and tail feathers blackish, bordered externally by gray, the three lateral on each side of the tail more or less white. Belly and hinder parts brownish rufous; a beautiful yellow in form of a bracelet on the feathers of lower part of leg; feet brown; length, 6 inches, 3 lines.” VIEILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 69.
8. MYADESTES ELISABETH (LEMB.).
1850.—Muscicapa elisabeth LEMBEYE, Aves de Cuba, p. 39, tab. 5, fig. 3. 1856.—Myiadestes elisabeth CABANIS, Jour. f. Ornith. 1556, p. 2.—GUNDLACH, ibid. 1861, p. 328; 1872, p. 428.—Ip. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1858 (p. 271). Extr. p. 5.— Ip. Repert. Fis.-Nat. de Cuba, I, 1865-66, p. 240.—Ip, Ornith. Cuban. Anales 1873, p. 79.—Barrp, Rev. Amer. Birds, I (1866), p. 425. 1859.—Myiadestes elisabetha NEWTON, Ibis, 1859, p. 110.—ALBRECHT, Journ, f. Ornith. 1861, p. 209.—ScL. and Saty. Exot. Ornith. (1867) p. 55, pl. xxviii. 1873.—Myiadestes elisabetha Sci. and Saty. Nomencl. Neotr. p. 4.
The adult bird has so often been described (see the above refer- ences), that I shall give here only a short description of the young.
CoLL. LAWRENCE. (3 juv., Cuba. GUNDLACH.)
General color that of the adult. Upper parts more rusty, with a subterminal yellowish spot and terminal blackish edge on each feather, except on the rump, which is uniform; spots very obsolete on the up- per tail-coverts, where the darker edges are scarcely perceptible; the upper wing-coverts, except the primary coverts, marked like the back. Underparts whitish, with a faint ochraceous tinge and very obsolete dark edgings; mustachial stripe hardly recognizable.
* Perhaps MW. dominicanus.
wi t
ey 1 SS LS eae
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Fic. 1. Myadestes montanus Cory.
Fia. 2. Myadestes solitarius Baird.
Fia. 3. Myadestes genibarbis Swainson.
Fia. 4. Myadestes sancte-lucie Stejneger.
Fic. 5. Myadestes dominicanus Stejneger. 6
Fig. 6. Myadestes sibilans Lawrence.
Proceeoines Nat. Mus.
Vots Vi;
1
WEST
INDIAN
MYADESTES.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mi
HAaB.—Cuba. Mr. GUNDLACH informs us that this species lives “in the rocky mountains of Western Cuba. After the breeding season it frequents the woods at the foot of the mountains” (J. f. Orn. 1856, p.
2),and that he also has observed it in the eastern, but neither in the middle part of the island nor in the Isla de Pinos, as Be has previously indicated (J. f. Orn. 1872, p. 429).
Table of dimensions.
H « ; a s |¥ 3 «, , = | 36 A A 6 2 a x = 3 s a op & tp 2 ones ames : A he a . 3 = a = se o Collection. q 59 5 & a S 8 S ee eeteae les ~2 ~ = a = . 3 mn ors o is! ° ° pa a qd i eh oo Ss st n e ie o 3 ~ o a A any D S 2 = rt So iy) a + A ree & |S & re ° 5 ° oO S ° Ce aS Ls} 4 Sa 5 H L e Hi/E/Ha/ae la | a 1861. mm.'mm.) mm.) mm.) mmn.| mM. U.S. Nat. M.} 21645 |....- Wright. | Donna del | ? ad..| Dec. 11] 200 | 89| 81) 23) 21 12 Gate, Cuba. DORE == =: 23042) || -= - = .-do ....| Mt. Libano..| .. ad..| Sept. 23 | 190 84 77 22) 21 12 WOees ss 23543 |----- HOV en dONen ene -- ad..| Sept. 2 2 21 12 CollBliawree|ce.- 6. |25--- Gundlach @ubateccaees J ad... 21 13 DO merereere letersi (acct a aay eGeelloaoet Greceeacre do juv. 21 12 Average measurements of the above four adult specimens 21 12 * Fresh. Table of comparative measurements. | i= - a Ss a a © to Zz z a Se eee Name of species. Average of— aie 2 aes z r= ene cee | eels one S$ |s ia) 8le | é a4 e a Hq |e g mm.| mm.| mm.| mm. | mm. | mm IMM SIDUAN Sac ecimmeninoslaistisosin's =je=miieviener 5 specimens.....-- 185 87 74 24 21 11 INE, REM NERA IES Soe oonpecocUnbosOaEaBEocooe 3 specimens. ..-.--- 192 86 82 21 19 11 INIey SANG Uss-LUCID a. oe oss cctneeaecisietnccin = 7 specimens-..-=-.|-:-==- 88 91 22 21 11 MET COMMINICANNStassccicassmens=ssecreet reins OI SPeCIMENS: so-c--|/-2--\-- 90 88 23 20 11 SVT OTL ATS Spare etere rele eta alate atalele elm olla) ari J specimen. -..-:-.- 177 85 85 23 20 10 Viens OlUGAIUS)aeete mentee acee tee ante lelereieie <eriata=t=i= MIRPDECIMENSEeeecee| le ose 1 91 91 22 20 10 Mimo LISA DO bbeeeee cise sass sant\sisieisisenlele)a'alare 4 specimens. ....-- 193 88 82 23 21 12 Table of geographical distribution. So = Name of species. S 5 ES § a aban ia ere tied |) : ~ S os o 2 Plc eles at Bt lees eee + 3 oS 5 n na a a es 5 o = Meas DILANS wate ecce eememeeiaes sect wececeh.s x — = — a = a = Wit. Ep avOPV AMIE Goomasccet+orsectccoodsEnseonsser _— — x _ ad ad = = M. sanctee-lucie oe x — = at we = ae M. dominicanus == a oo x Mas oS eae one Ii. GGT Es Soe koaos bacodndcasces besssenateodouns — _ _ = x _ = od MESOMTARIUS pee mame se ae csc caaeees ac so cee — _— _— _ — x _ = WeNvignirmitlatus. 25. 0ccmeoseectcetet ances ss-enlecs = — — — a a = 2 IMMMeLISa DOU Sacice sccces accesses eset cc ee cece acon _ — == — — _— x ad
28 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ON SOME GENERIC AND SPECIFIC APPELLATIONS OF NORTH AMEE RICAN AND EUROPEAN BIRDS.
By LEONHARD STEINEGER.
Looking at the ornithological nomenclature and the changes which it daily undergoes, in consequence of the radical introduction of the oldest generic or specific appellations, without considering that many com- monly adopted names thus become expelled, we feel it to be our duty to make this transitional state as short as possible, by presenting the evi- dences we may possess, and by proposing those changes which appear necessary.
The following remarks are chiefly proposed in reference to the names of North American and European birds, as they are given in the latest catalogues of birds from those regions, viz: ROBERT RipGwaAy’s “ No- menclature of North American Birds” (Washingten, 1881), and H. E. DRESSER’S “List of European Birds” (London, 1881).
As to the rules of the nomenclature, it seems to me that the best are those which present the smallest number of exceptions, and which, once adopted, give the least occasion for disputes. I therefore propose to use the oldest available name in every case, where it can be proved, and to spell it exactly as it was spelled when published for the first time, notwithstanding incorrect derivation, barbarous offspring, error facti, &c.
The significance of a name, by means of the sound and the appearance, is to give a conception of the named object as being different from all other objects. If it, at the same time, can be formed so that it indi- cates one or another chief property of the object, then it is the better. The main point is, however, that we, by hearing or seeing the name, will get an idea of the object as being different from any other.
That names which do not signify anything cause no inconvenience worth mentioning is evident from the numberless specific names, indi- cating a quality common to all the species within the same genus, e. g. cinereus, fuscus, etc. It may be rather tedious that the names are incor- rect, but the simply endless number of incorrect names with which we daily work, without feeling especially troubled, and which probably no one intends to change or to correct, shows better than anything else how unimportant the corrections and improvements are for facilitating the work. I think that we may very soon agree that many corrections have caused more trouble than relief, as for instance such improvements as Heniconetta for Eniconetta, and the like, and that they only have sue- ceeded in swelling our lists of synonyms.
The only rule which can be carried out with safety, is the use of the oldest name, without regard to its appearance, derivation, or significa- tion. If this be adopted, most differences would disappear from the
e
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29
nomenclature, and it is in fact the only rule which is able to establish a passable uniformity in place of the present variety. Once universally accepted and put in practice, it would save much time, labor, and dis- pute; disputes concerning year and date may easily be settled, while all philological and linguistic disagreements may be thereby avoided. The question as to which species one or another name is to be referred has nothing to do with the rules of Then and are therefore liable to come up at any time.
As to the following remarks, it will be seen thet some of the pages quoted are given in brackets. This signifies that the author has not had opportunity of verifying them, and that he therefore does not answer for their correctness. All the other citations have been carefully gone over, and are thought to be quite correct. He has followed this method in his later papers, and intends to proceed so in all his works in the future.
In order to show how far carelessness in quotation and excessive zeal concerning philological correctness may bring it, I select from the syno- nymy of Phoenicurus titys, p. 30, the following bouquet: titys, tithys, thytis, tythis, tithis, thitis, tites, tethys ; and many other modes of spelling this word are surely to be found by a scrupulous investigation through the whole literature. Now please, dear reader, if you are as learned a philologist as an ornithologist, choose the right one!
WASHINGTON, D. C., February 21, 1882.
RUTICILLA
is untenable as a generic name for the European Redstart and its allies, as the group had already, in 1817, received the name
Phoenicurus Forstv.
SxyN: = 1817—Phoenicurus Forst. Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 53. 1822—Ruticilla NAUMANN, Naturg. Vég. Deutschl. I, p. iii. 1831—Phoenicura Swans. Fauna Br.-Amer. II, Append. p. 489.
The synonymy of the European species is as follows: 1. Phoenicurus erithacus (LIN.) 1758
8.—Motacilla phoenicurus LIN., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 187.
3.—Motacilla erithacus LIN., a supra.
1817.—Phoenicurus ruticilla FoRsTER, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 16.
18!17.—Phoenicurus muralis FORSTER, op. cit. p. 53.
1831.—Ruticilla sylvestris BRM., Handb. Vég. Deutschl. p. 363.
1231.—Ruticilla arborea BRM., ut supra.
1831.—Ruticilla hortensis BRM., tom. cit. p. 364.
1831.—Phoenicura muraria Swatns., Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, App. p. 489.
1836.—Phoenicura rutacilla Swatns., Classif. Birds, II, p. 240 (nee Motacilla ruticilla LI.).
1854.—Sylvia phenicurus MAcHADO, Aves Andal. p. 8.
1863.—Ruticilla pectoralis v. Hengl. Journ. f. Orn. 1863 (p. 165).
175 175
30 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. Phoenicurus titys (LIN. ).
1758.—-Motacilla titys L1n., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 187. 1766.—Motacilla phoenicurus Lin., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I, p. 335 (passim). 1769.—Sylvia tithys Scop. Ann. I, Hist. Nat. p. 157.
1788.—WMotacilla gibraltariensis GRU., Syst. Nat. I, p. 987. 1788.—WMotacilla atrata GRU., tom. cit. p. 988 (nec JARD. & SELB.). 1792.— Motacilla erithacus BECHST., Gemeinn. Naturg. I, p. 538 (nec LIN.). 1803.—Sylvia tythis Becust., Taschb. Vig. Deutschl. p. 179. 1810.—Motacilla erythrourus RAFINESQUE, Caratt. (p. 6).
1829.—Sylvia tites EHRB., Symb. Phys. (fol. dd.).
1831.—Ruticilla atra BRM., Handb. Vig. Deutschl. p. 365. 1840.—Sylvia tithis ScHiINz, Eur. Fauna I, p. 190.
1840.—Phenicura tethys JARD. & SELB., Ill. Orn. (pl. 86). 1845.—Ruticilla thitis RUPP., Syst. Ueb. (p. 57).
1848.—Ruticilla cairitti GERBE, Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat. XI (p. 259). 1854.—Lusciola thytis SCHLEG., Vog. v. Nederl. (p. 156). 1855.—Ruticilla montana BRM., Naumannia 1855, (p. 281).
The other species given in DRESSER’S List of Eur. Birds should stand as . 3. Phoenicurus mesoleucus (EHR. ).—Ehrenberg’s Redstart.
4, Phoenicurus rujiventris (VIEILL.).—Indian Redstart.
5. Phoenicurus moussieri (OLPH-GALL. ).—Moussier’s Redstart. 6. Phoenicurus erythrogaster (GULD.).—Giidenstiidt’s Redstart.
CINCLUS AQUATICUS BEcustT.
is the usually adopted name of the red-bellied Water Ouzel of Central Europe. The oldest name is, however,
Cinclus merula SCHAFF.
Syn :—1789.—Tringa merula SCHAFFER, Mus. Orn. p. 52. REGULUS CRISTATUS VIEILL. 1807,
is a name which antedates LICHTENSTEIN’S Regulus satrapa (1823). As it is not preoccupied, there is no reason for rejecting it. VIEILLOT, indeed, states that his bird is identical with the European species, which he erroneously calls Motacilla regulus LiN., but he gives a description and plate, which represent the American bird better than the Regulus ignicapillus BRM. The following is thought to be a tolerably exhaustive synonymy of these species :
1. Regulus cristatus VIEILL. 1807.
1807.—Regulus cristatus VIEILL., Ois. Amer. Sept. II, p. 50, pl. 106 (nee Kocu 1816).*
1808.—Sylvia regulus WixLs., Am. Orn. I (p. 126, pl. 8, fig. 2), (nee Motacilla regulus LIN.).
1623.—Regqulus satrapa Licut., Doublettenverz., p. 35.
1832:— Regulus tricolor Nutt., Man. Orn. I, p. 420.
1864.—Regulus satrapa olivaceus BAIRD, Rev. Am. Birds I, p. 65.
1866.—Regulus satrapus COUES, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1866 (p. 66).
“It may, perhaps, be to this species that BARTRAM, Trav. Flor. (1791) p. 291, refers the same name. Cfr. E. Cours, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1875, p. 351.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ol 2. Regulus vulgaris LEACH.
1758.—Motacilla regulus Lin., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 188. 1816.—Regulus vulgaris LeacH, Cat. M. B. Brit. Mus. p. —. 1816.—Regulus cristatus KOCH, Bair. Zool. I (p. 199), (nee ViIEILL. 1807). 1822.—Regulus aureocapillus MEY., Tasch. Vég. Deutschl. III, p. 108. 1822.—Regulus crococephalus BRM., Beitr. Vogelk. II (p. 120). 1823.—Regulus flavicapillus NAUM., Vog. Deutsch]. III (p. 968). 1831.—Regulus septentrionalis BRM., Handb. Vég. Deutschl. p. 479. 1831.—Regulis chrysocephalus BRM., op. cit. p. 481.
1833.—Regulus auricapillus SELBY, Brit. Orn. I (p. 229). 1877.—Regulus linnei MAHN, Goteb. och Bohusl. Fauna, p. 170.
3. Regulus ignicapillus (TENM.).
1815.—WMotacilla regulus TemMM., Man. d’Orn. I ed. p. ——. 1820.—Sylvia ignicapilla TemMM., Man. d’Orn. I, p. 231. 1822.— Regulus mystaceus VIEILL, Faun. Frane., p. 231 (part).
1822.—Regulus pyrocephalus BRM., Orn. Bectr. II (p. 180); Handb. Vég. Deutschl., p. 482 (18381).
1831.—Regulus nilssoniti BRM. Handb. Vég. Deutschl., p. 482; Naumannia 1855, p. 285. 1831.—Regulus brachyrhynchos BRM., op. cit., p. 483.
HIRUNDO, CHELIDON, and COTILE.
It has almost unanimously been considered, that Bote (Isis, 1822), was the first who subdivided the genus Hirundo after the species be- longing to Cypselus had been removed, and consequently his names Hirundo (type rustica LIN.), Chelidon (type urbica LIN.), and Cotile (type riparia LIN.) have been generally adopted. The same species, how- ever, had already five years earlier been made types of three different genera, by THOMAS FORSTER, who, in his “Synoptical Catalogue of British Birds” (London, 1817), establishes the genera Chelidon, Hirundo and Clivicola, having as types respectively rustica, urbica, and riparia.
These names, which are as well founded as the later names of BorE, cannot, so far as I can see, be rejected. Mr. FoRSTER himself states, p. 40, that he has “in the following catalogue attended to generic and specific differences, and thereon founded a nomenclature, regardless of the modern names, wherever they appeared to disagree with facts.”
I suppose the following will stand as the correct synonymy :
Chelidon FORSTER, 1817.
<1758.—Hirundo Lin. S. N. ed. 10, I, p. 191.
=1817.—Chelidon FoRSTER, Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (nee Born, 1822), (type H. rustica TLIN:)):
=1822.—Hirundo Born, Isis, 1822, p. 550 (nec FORSTER, 1817), (same type).
Of this genus we only have one species in North America, viz: 1. Chelidon erythrogastra (BODD.), Barn Swallow.
The European species are:
Chelidon rustica (LIN.), and
Chelidon savignit (STEPH.).
32 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Hirundo Lin. 1758.
<1758.—Hirundo Lin. S. N. ed. 10, I, p. 191. = 1817.—Hirundo Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (nee Born, 1822), (type H. urbica LIN.). = 1822.—Chelidon Bors, Isis, 1822 p. 550 (nec FORSTER, 1817) (same type). This genus has no American representative. The European species is Hirundo urbica Lin.
Clivicola FORSTER 1817.
<1758.—Hirundo Lin. 8. N. ed. 10, I, p. 191. =1817.—Clivicola Forster, Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 55 (type H. riparia Lin.). =1817.—Riparia FORSTER, t. c. p. 17 (same type).* =1822.—Cotile Born, Isis, 1822, p. 550 (same type). =1826.—Cotyle Born, Isis, 1826, p. 971 (same type). In North America only occurs— 1. Clivicola riparia (LIN.).
PLECTROPHANES and CENTROPHANES.
In his “ Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und fiir Deutschland oder kurze Beschreibung aller Végel Deutschlands ” (Leipzic, 1803), BEcH- STEIN separates the Fringilla lapponica from the other Fringillie, and gives to this group, which he characterizes ‘by having an acute pointed bill with considerably iv .ected tomia, and a long straight claw on the hind toe”, the name Calcarius. This is, as far as I know, not preoccu- pied, and must therefore necessarily stand as the name for the genus, which has F. lapponica for its type. The Snow Bunting he left in the genus Lmberiza. In 1815 Dr. BERNHARD MEYER, in his “ Kurze Be- schreibung der Vogel Liv- und Esthlands” created the genus Plectro- phanes for the same type in the following words: “ Fringilla calearata Pall. (this bird does not at all belong to the genus Fringilla, but forms a separate genus, which I call Plectrophanes, Longspur).” He also did not include the Snow Bunting in this genus, but treated it under the head of Emberiza, following the example of BECHSTEIN.}| In the third volume of the “'Taschenbuch” (1822) Mr. MEYER first unites the two species under the same genus, Plectrophanes. In 1829 JAKOB KAUP, in his “Skizzirte Entwickelungo-Geschichte und Natiirliches System der Kuropiischen Thierwelt,” again separates the two species, selecting
* FORSTER uses this name a few pages earlier than Clivicola. As, however, the adoption of Riparia would necessitate the change of the specific name of H. riparia into europwa Forst. 1817 (which would be inconvenient, because the species is by no means limited to Europe), or into cinerea VIEILL. 1817 (which has only been used for the supposed American form), I have preferred to accept the name Clivicola. ‘
+ Mr. Dresser in his ‘‘ Birds of Europe” erroneously cites Plectrophanes lapponica Mey. & Wolf, Tasch. Vég. Deutschl. I (1810), p. 187, and P. nivalis Mey. & Wolf, op. cit. p. 176; but these authors 1. c. only give the names Fringilla calcarata and Emberiza nivalis, and the word Plectrophanes is not to be found either in the first or the second volume of their work. Consequently, the statement of TeMMINCK, Man. d’Orn. 2 ed. I (1820), p. 318, is also false, viz, that ‘‘ Mr. Meyer has made of this species [Z. nivalis] and of the following [Z. calcarata] the genus Plectrophanes.”
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 30
each as type for different genera, nivalis for Plectrophanes and lapponica for Centrophanes, and herein he has been followed by’ later writers. But from the foregoing statement it is evident that—
(1) BECHSTEIN’S Calcarius is the oldest name ;
(2) the type of this is Fr. lapponica LIn. ;
(3) MnykER’s Plectrophanes is merely a synonym of Calearius, having the same type ;
(4) the same is the case with KAuP’s Centrophanes ;
(5) his Plectrophanes cannot be used for the genus having E. nivalis for type, because preoccupied as synonymous with Calcarius ;
(6) the genus which has /. nivalis for its type should be supplied with a new name, as no later name has been given. In order to make as little change as possible, I propose for it the name Plectrophenax.*
The synonymy of the two genera is then the following :
Calcarius BECHST. 1803.
=1803.—Calcarius BecHsT. Taschb. Vég. Deutschl. p. 130. (Qype Fringilla lap- ponica LN.) =1815.—Plectrophanes MEYER, Vog. Liv- & Estl. p. xii (nee Kaup, 1829) (same type). =1829.—Centrophanes Kaup, Entw. Eur. Thierw. p. 158 (same type). =1850.—Leptoplectron REIcHL. Av. Syst. pl. LXXV. (Type Emberiza picta SWAINs. ) To this genus belong the North American species :
1. Calcarius lapponicus (LIN.).—Lapland Longspur ;*“ 2. Calcarius pictus (SWAINS.).—Smith’s Longspur; ~ 3. Calcarius ornatus (TOwNs.).—Chestnut-collared Longspur. Plectrophenax STEJNEGER, 1882. <(1817.—Passerina VIEILL. Analyse Ornith. p. 30 (type Tanagra cyanea Lin.) (preoccu- pied in Botany). =1829.— Plectrophanes Kaup, Entw. Eur. Thierw. p. 138 (nec MEYER, 1815). (Type Emberiza nivalis Lin.) The North-American and only species of this genus is— 1. Plectrophenax nivalis (LIN.).—Snow Bunting.
EREMOPHILA Borg, 1828,
cannot be used in Ornithology, because already preoccupied in Ichthyol- ogy and Botany. As the following synonymy shows, the proper name of the genus will be—
Otocoris BONAP. 1839.
= 1828.—Fremophila Bore, Isis, 1828, p. 322 (preoccupied in Botany; nec Eremophilus Humes. 1805).
=1831.—Phileremos BREHM, Handb. Vég. Deutschl. p. 312 (nec LaTrR. 1809).
=1837.—Brachonyx Lesson, Compl. de Buffon, VIII, p. 126 (nec Swaine. 1827, nec
SCHONHEN, 1826).
= 1839.—Otocoris Be. Faun. Ital. Uce. Introd.
=1840.—Philammus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds (p. 47.)
= 1845.—Otocornis Rupp. Syst. Uebers. (p. 78).
= 1851.—Otocorys CAB. Mus. Hein. I, p. 121.
= 1854.— Otocoryx Licut. Nomencel. p. 38.
t xAHuT pov =spur; mpevaé — impostor.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 3 June od, 1882.
34 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The names of the North-American species and races will then be:
1. Otocoris alpestris (LIN.)—Shore Lark. 2. Otocoris alpestris leucolema (COUES).—White-throated Shore Lark. 3. Otocoris alpestris chrysolema (WAGL.).—Mexican Shore Lark.
ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS. (BRinn.), 1764.
Authors who reject names given before 1766, usually cite Archibuteo lagopus (GM.), 1788. As GUNNERUS, in 1767, has described the species very distinctly in LEEM’s Finm. Beskr.* p. 237, as Falco norvegicus, they will have to adopt the name Archibuteo norvegicus (GUNN.), 1767, being the first name applied to the bird after the 12th edition of Linn ast Syst. Nat., in which the species is not included. The description of GUNNERUS is as follows:
“Falconis hujus * * * pullum vivuam * * * accepi in nido captum, jam 8 menses natum: magnitudo est gallinadei. In dorso, alis et subtus fuscue est, maculis canis sublematis supra, preesertim in alis adspersis. Caput, collum & pectus ad medium usque dilute brunnea sunt, maculis longitudinalibus fuscis; color tamen capitis dilutior est, ®& macule longitudinales colli pectus adtrigentes, reliquis latiores & longiores sunt. In infima parte frontis supra ceram, nee non sub oculis s. in superiore regione genarum, color est dilute canus. Iris dilute cana, & membrana nictitans cerulea. Remigeo saturate fuscee non ad extre- mam caudam pertingunt, alis scilicet complicatis. Rectrices supra & infra albie extremitatibus latitudine trium digitorum fuscis. Rostrum, ad instar ungvium, lividum, breve & inde a radice curvum, cera autem cum digitis flava. Pedes ad talos usque lanati & sordide albi, femori- bus extrorsum parvis maculis fuscis adspersis. * -* * Character ejus pro presenti ita formari potest: Faleo Norvegicus dorso alis, sterno subtus & abdomine fuscis maculis sublemulatis canis supra, preesertim in alis, adspersis, rectricibus albis, extremitatibus late nigris.”
CICONIA ALBA.
The oldest author for this name has been stated to be BECHSTEIN, in his Naturgesch. Vég. Deutschl. III (1793), p. 48. It is, however, ante- dated by SCHAFFER, who in 1789, Mus. Orn., p. 52, gave the name Cico- mia alba.
STREPSILAS ILuie. 1811,
is untenable, being one year younger than Morinella MEY. & WOLF, Taschb. Vig. Deutschl. II, p. 383 (1810).
The two North-American species are:
1. Morinella interpres (L1N.).—Turnstone.
2. Morinella melanocephala (V1G.).—Black Turnstone.
* As to this work see p. 37, footnote under Totanus glottis.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 395
VANELLUS CRISTATUS M. & W.
for a long time was considered to be the oldest name as given in 1809, in their “‘ Hist. Nat. Ois. de ’Allem.” (p. 110). DRESSER has shown that BECHSTELN’S Vanellus vulgaris of 1803 (Orn. Taschb. Vég. Deutschl., p. 313)-is older, and substitutes this latter name for cristatus. The oldest name, however, is
Vanellus capella SCHAFFER. Mus. Orn., p. 49 (1789).
AEGIALITIS CANTIANUS (LATH.)
had already, in the tenth edition of Linn aa Syst. Nat. I, p. 150 (1758), re- ceived the name Oharadrius alevandrinus.* Hence
Aegialitis alevandrinus (LIN.), 1758; and for the form occurring in North America.
Aegialitis alexandrinus nivosus (CASS).—Snowy Plover.
GALLINAGO MEDIA Lzacu, 1816,
is antedated by Scolopax media Bock, Naturforscher, XTII (1779), p. 211, which belongs to the bird subsequently called Scolopax major by GMELIN in 1788, and must therefore give place to Gallinago coelestis FREUZEL.T The North-American form will then stand as
Gallinago coelestis wilsoni (TEMM.).—Wilson’s Snipe.
TOTANUS GLOTTIS (Lin.) BECHST.
is the name usually adopted for the Greenshank, and for this is quoted either Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, p. 146 (1758), Fauna Svec., ed. 2, p. 61 (1761), or Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, p. 245 (1766). Any one who will take the trouble to compare these three quotations will soon find that they refer to a bird totally different from the Totanus glottis of BrcustT. The fact that the three descriptions of Linn us do not fully agree, will be mentioned later; for the present we will only consider those characters which oceur in all the three editions, or which occur only in the one without being contradictory to any character given in the others. | The following phrase of the diagnosis is the same in all the editions: ‘“‘Rostro recto basi inferiort rubro”; and the same phrase is repeated in the description in the Fauna, thus: “ Rostrum nigrum basi inferioris mat- illa rubra.” BECHSTEIN’S glottis has the bill “gray at the base” (un- der Wurzel grau), and never red or reddish at any age or season. After the diagnosis follows a reprint of the diagnosis of the first edition of the Fauna, viz, ‘ Remigibus linets albis piscisque undulatis.” In BECHSTEDN’s glottis the primaries, however, are black, and the
*(Cf. R. CoLert, in Christiania Vidensk. Forh. 1881, No. 10, p. 4.—R. R.) + Scolopax celestis FREUZEL, Beschreibung der Végel und ihrer Eier in der Gegend um Wittenberg. 1801. (p. 58).
36 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
secondaries grayish, with whiteedges. In the 12th edit. is said: “Alba immaculata sunt. . . tectrices alarum,” while those (upper wing- coverts) in the summer plumage of glottis BECHST. are dark grayish- brown with a black stripe along the shafts, in the autumnal plumage brownish-gray with such a stripe, and in the young blackish-brown with rusty-grayedges. Further in the same edition LINN US says: ‘“‘Remiges primores scapo albo”; in the glottis BECHST. only the shaft of the first quill is white, while the shafts of the remaining primaries are black. From these quotations it is evident that the glotiis of LINN US is a bird totally different from the species so named by BECHSTEIN, while most authors since BECHSTEIN’S time, however, mean the bird of the latter when they are speaking about Totanus glottis (LIN.).
It remains to determine to which species the descriptions of LINN aUS really belong. In order to clear up this question it will be necessary to compare those characters which in the above-mentioned three editions do not agree. It will thus be seen that while in the diagnoses the legs are said to be greenish ( pedibus virescentibus”), they are given as pluin- beous (‘* pedeo plumbei”) in the description of the Fauna. In the same work is said: ‘ pectus griseum,” but in the 12th edition, ‘ Alba imma- culata sunt pectus. . . .” From these disagreements of the descriptions it seems to be very probable that LINNUS in this case did not give his diagnosis and descriptions from the specimens themselves, but only from the statements of earlier writers. The phrase * pedes plumbet” may thus have been taken from STROM, who, in his Sondmors Beskrivelse, I, p. 235, quotes the Linnean diagnosis in the following manner: ‘ Vu- menius pedibus virescentibus (more correctly plumbet). . . .” This Opinion seems also to be well founded when one compares the very meager description of the Fauna (. ¢.) with the much fuller descriptions of other species, of which LINNz:Us had specimens before him when describing. It will therefore be very useful to know which species the authors cited by LINN 2US mayhave meant. In the 12th edit. LINNazUS quotes as synonymous Limosa grisea major BRISS., ed. 5, p. 272, t. 24, f. 2. To this species Brisson himself cites the same authors, which are given by LiInN_2Us, and besides, the diagnosis of LINN.A:I Systema, 10th edit., and Fauna, lsted. From the excellent description of BRISSON itis unquestionable that his species is Limosa lapponica in winter-plumage. The description of STROM (1. ¢.) also shows that the bird in question belongs to this species. It then only remains to determine whether the characters given by LINN AUS agree with those of L. lapponica. This species has in fact the base of the lower mandible reddish, as deseribed above, and also the shafts of the first quills white. The two other marks, * quills varied with white and black lines,” and “ wing-coverts white, unspotted,” do not agree so well, but the difference is not great, and is easily understood when one attends to the manner in which the descrip- tion has been made; the inner webs of the first quills are variegated as above described, and although the wing-coverts are not unspotted
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ol
white, this color, however, occupies a larger space on the wing-coverts of this species than in any other which here reasonably can be in ques- tion. The other characters agree as well with both species, and conse- quently they speak in favor of the opinion here expressed.
Having thus proved that the Scolopax glottis LINN AUS is merely a synonym of Limosa lapponica, we proceed to select a new name for it, the first binominal one given to the bird in question, the Green-shank,.
In 1767 Knup ,Leem published his “ Beskrivelse over Finmarkens Lapper,” with a Latin translation following the Danish text, in which work the Norwegian bishop GUNNERUS, a very distinguished and, at that time, everywhere in Europe, highly esteemed naturalist, and one of the more prominent of the pupils of LrNNasus, gives a tolerably complete account of the natural history of northern Norway in form of foot-notes. In these we find many good descriptions, and several species named for the first time, and there is not the slightest reason for reject- ing his names, as he was a strict binominalist, whose descriptions are very clear, and published in a proper manner after 17 66.
As the work is perhaps somewhat scarce, I think it proper to give its title in full below.*
From his diagnosis of Scolopax nebularia (p. 251), “ Rostro levi, acuto, sub-recurvato, collo pectoraque albido, maculis fuscis ; rachi prima remigis nivea” it is beyond doubt that he means the species here in question. The description of the bill is sufficient to separate this bird from the other species of Totanus BECHST., which have the beak straight, and it cannot be confounded with any Limosa, having the shaft of the first quill white. The comparison with other species which he gives corrobo- rates this opinion, as also does his quotation of STROw’s Sondm. Beskr. I, p. 252.
As GMELIN’S name canescens was bestowed 21 years later, and his description is by far not so precise as that of GUNNERUS, the name of the latter must be adopted, and the species for the future stand as Totanus nebularius (GUNN.).
The synonymy may be given as follows :
1766.—Scolopax totanus LIN., Syst. Nat. 12 ed. I, p. 245 (nee 1758 que T. calidris). 1767. oa nebularius GUNNERUS, in ee Lapp. Beskr. p. 251.
* Knud eee | Brofe. sor i ict Tenpicke Cree | Beskr foeise | over | Finmarkens Lapper, | deres Tungemaal, Levemaade og forrige Afgudsdyrkelse | oplyst ved mange Kaabberstykker : | med | J. E. Gunneri, | Biskop over Trondhjems Stift, og S. S. Theologiz Doctor, | Anmerkninger; | og | E. J. Jessens, | Justitz-Raad, General- Kirke-Inspector og Cancellie-Secretaire, | Afhandling om de‘Norske Finners og Lap- pers Hedenske Religion. | Canuti Leemii, Professoris Linguze Lapponice. | De
| Lapponibus Finmarchi, | eorumque lingua, | vita et religione pristina | commen- tatio, | multis tabulis weneis illustrata: | una cum | J. E. Gunneri, | Episcopi | Diseces Nidros. & 8. 8. Theologiz Doctoris | Notis; | & | E. J. Jessen-s | .Conciliar See Rer. Ecclesiast. p. utr. regn. Inspector, General. & Secret. Cancellar | Tractatu Singu- lari de Finnorum Lapporumque Norvegic religione pagana. | Kiébenhavn, 1767. Trykt udi det Kongel. Wiiysenhuses Bogtrykkerie af | G. G. Salikath.
38 PROCEEDINGS. OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
87.—Scolopas glottis LATH., Synops. Suppl. p. 292 (mec Lin. que Limosa lapponica).
88.—Scolopax canescens GMEL., Syst. Nat. I, p. 668.
803.—Totanus glottis Becust., Ornith. Taschenb. p. 287.
809.—Totanus griseus Becustr., Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. 2 ed. IV, p. 231 (nee Scolop. grisea GMEL. que Macrorhamphus gr.).
1809.—Totanus fistulans BECHST., tom. cit. p. 241.
1810.—Totanus chloropus Mry. & Wo.Lr, Taschb. Vég. Deutsch]. I, p. 371.
1816.—Glottis natans Kocn, Syst. Pair. Zool. If (p. 305) (nec Scol. natans OTTO 1797 que
T. fuscus).
1831.—Glottis nivigula HopGs. in Gray, Zool. Mise. II (p. 36).
1831.—Totanus glottoides Vicors, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831 (p. 173).
1838.—Glottis foridanus Be. Comp. List. (p. 51).
1844.—Glottis vigorsiti GRAY, Cat. Brit. Mus. III, Gralle (p. 99).
1844.—Glottis horsfieldii GRAY, ut supra.
1577.—Glottis innei MALM, Géteb. och Bohurl. Fauna pp. 81 & 278.
MACHETES Cvv. 1817,
must give place to the one year older Pavoncella LEACH, Cat. M. B. Brit. Mus. (1816), which is not, so far as I can detect, preoccupied. Then Pavoncella pugnax (LIN.).
TADORNA .CORNUTA (GMEL.)
is not the oldest name given to that species. It is recognizably described as Anas damiatica in HASSELQUIST’S Palest. Reise, Deutsche Ausgabe (1762), p. 318, and should therefore stand as Tadorna damiatica (HAS- SELQU.), 1762.
HARELDA GLACIALIS (Lin.), 1766,
should be changed into Harelda hyemalis (Lin.), 1758, the name Anas glacialis not being found in his 10th edition. The three earliest names of this species are: ,
1758.—Anas hyemalis LINN., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 126 (nee PALL).
1764.—<dAnas hiemalis BRUNN., Ornith. bor. p. 17.
1766.—Anas glacialis LINN., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I., p. 203.
POLYSTICTA Eyvt. 1836,
is preoccupied by Polysticte SMITH, 1835. The next name in date is Stellaria Br. 1838, which is preoccupied in botany. The name given by GRAY in 1840 is not occupied, and the genus should therefore in the future bear the name Eniconetta GRAY. Syn : =1834.—Macropus NuTTALL, Man. II, p. 450 (nee Sprx, 1824). —=1836.—Polysticta, EYTON, Brit. Birds; p. — (nec Polysticte SMITH, 1835, nee Poly- stictus REICH, 1850. =1858.—Stellaria BONAP., Comp. List, p. 57 (preoccupied in Botany). =1840.—Eniconetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds (p. 95). =1340.—‘ Stelleria BP.” GRAY, ut supra. =1846.—Heniconetta AGASS., Ind. Univers. p. 178. =1872.—‘‘ Polysticte EyT.” SUNDEV., Tentam. Av. Disp. p. 148. Species : Lniconetta stellert (PALL. ).—Steller’s Duck.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oo
PAGOPHILA EBURNEA (PHIPPs).
As to this bird, both the generic and the specific appellations are to be changed. Pagophila is antedated by Gavia Bolg, 1822, to whom the first use of this name, as a generic one, is to be referred. MOnRING, it is true, had already used the same word in another sense, but as his genera are not recognized there cannot be any obstacles for adopting them by later authors. KAup’s name Pagophila is7 years younger and based upon the same type as Bork’s genus.
Synonymy of the genus:
Gavia-Bolrr 1822.
<1822.—Gavia Born, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (nec Kaup, 1829, nec BRUCH, 1853). =1829.—Pagophila Kaur, Entwg. Eur. Thierw. p. 69 (nec Pagophilus =1842.— Cetosparactes MACGILL, Man. Brit. Orn. I, p. 251.
=1845.—Catosparactes G. R. GRAY, Gen. of Birds III, p. 655 (err. typogr.)
The Ivory Gull had already, in 1767, received a binominal appellation by GUNNERUS, who applied to it the name Larus albus in the following words: “ Larus albus . . . . qui toto interdum corpore albus esse & Laro cano vel & fusco magnitudine convenire perhibetur . . . . Ni valde fallor, Larus hic habendus est idem ac Senator Martensii, qui toto corpore albus, nostro & pedibus nigris describitur esse.” The restoration of this name, which is 7 years older than the eburneus of PHIPPS, cannot meet with any objection, as the later use of the same name by SCOPOLI and Star. MULLER never. has been adopted.
Gavia alba (GUNN. ). Syn: 1767.—Larus albus GUNNERUS in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp., p. 265 (nec Scop. 1769, nec S. MUL. 1776). 1774.—Larus eburneus PHipps, Voy. N. Pole, App. (p. 187). 1876.—Larus candidus O. F. MULLER, Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. VIII. 1783.—Larus niveus BoDD., Tabl. Pl. Enl. (p. 58), (nec PALL. ). 1846.—Larus brachytarsus HOLBOLL, Fauna Grou. (p. 52).
LARUS GLAUCUS (Brtyv.).
The appellation of this species exhibits a close analogy to the facts referred to under Archibuteo lagopus (BRUNN.), and writers, who choose the 12th edit. of Linn.ast Systema as the starting point for specific names, will have no alternative but to adopt the name of GUNNERUS, given in 1767, as the bird has not received any name by LINN zUs. There can be no doubt as to which species the following description of GUNNERUS belongs: ‘ Larus hyperboreus dorso dilute cinereo, extremi- tatibus remigum albis. A Martensio in itril. Spitzberg. dicitur Ger- manice Burgemeister. A Briima. in Ornith. p. 44, n. 148 evoeatur Larus glaucus totus albus, dorso & alis canis, remigum extremitatibus albis.” GUNNERUS in LEEWS Beskr. I'inm. Lapp. p. 283 (1767).
AQ) PROCEEDINGS, OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
HYDROCHELIDON LARIFORMIS (Lin.).
I see no reason whatever for rejecting the name Sterna nigra for this species, because there can be no doubt about which species LINNAUS has described under this name. That GRAY and others have used the names fissipes for this species, and erroneously given the appellation nigra to another, cannot be a hinderance to the restoring of the proper name. The following citations from LINNA:VS deseription in Fauna Suec., 2d ed. p. 56, will be sufficient to show that he means the common black Tern: “ Color totius avis supra canus” and “remiges & rectrices omnes unicolores & subtus albescentes.” From these it is evident that the rump and upper surface of the tail are gray, which are the very charac- teristic features of the bird occurring in Seandinavia, in opposition to leucoptera MEISN., which has the rump and the upper surface of the tail white, being one of the rarest stragglers in the country of LINN aUS. His statement “ Habitat Ultune prope Upsaliam” therefore corroborates the opinion here expressed.
The synonymy of the European form is the following:
Hydrochelidon nigra (LIN.).
1758.—Sterna nigra LIN., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 137 (nec Gray). 1758.—Rallus lariformis LIN., tom. cit. p. 153.
1766.—Sterna navia LIN., yan Nat. ed. 12, I, p. 228 (nec Pall.). . 1766.—Sterna fissipes iene ut supra (nec Pall. ).
1769.—Sterna merulinus Scop., Ann. I, Hist. Nat. p. 81. 1788.—Sterna obscura GMEL., Syst. Nat. I, p. 608 (mec LATH.). 1831.—Hydrochelidon nigricans BRM., Handb. Vig. Deutsch. p. 794,
The American form has the following synonymy:
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (GMEL.).
1738.—Sterna surinamensis GM., Syst. Nat. I, p. 604.
1813.—Sterna plumbea Wiis. Am. Orn. VII (p. 83, pl. 60).
1828.—Sterna nigra Br. , Syn. (p. 355).
1860.—Sterna frenata § ots VIN, Ibis, 1860, p. 278 (nec GAMBEL).
1862.—Hydrochelidon fissipes COUES, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1862 (p. 554).
1874.—Hydrochelidon lariformis COUES, Birds of N. W. p. 704.
18380.—Hydrochelidon lariformis surinamensis Ripaw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 208.
STERCORARIUS CREPIDATUS and PARASITICUS.
Since the first separation of the two species, which are called “ Rich- ardson’s Jaeger” and *“ Long-tailed Jaeger,” much dispute among authors has arisen from the question, to which of these species the parasiticus of LINNZZUS really belongs.* At one time the one opinion has been the prevailing one, and at other times the opposite belief. For a long time the ‘‘Richardson’s Jaeger” held the name in pia est ope DOSSeSeION,
* All the paotere Be ofore 1200 ue BRIssON a GUNNERUS, who in 1767 give the name parasiticus to Richardson’s ‘‘ Jaeger;” see LerEM, Beskr. Finm. Lapp. pp. 239 and 287) confound the two species.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 41
until in the later years especially English ornithologists (SAUNDERS, DRESSER) have tried to vindicate the name parasiticus for the long- tailed species.
In the 10th edition of LINN 2:1 Systema we find nothing which justifies the change of the generally adopted appellation. Mr. SAUNDERS (Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 327) thinks, however, that the short diagnosis, viz, ‘‘rectricibus duabus intermediis longissimis,” is sufficient to prove the contrary, and exclaims, “ Nothing could well be clearer!” This might perhaps have been right, if LInNzus had had before him more than one species, of which one or more were supplied with rectricibus longis, and the parasiticus then was given as having rectrices longissimi ; but as he knew but one species, his expression would be quite correct if the middle pair of rectrices in his parasiticus had been still shorter than they are in “ Richardson’s Jaeger.” The phrase “ Rectrices inter- medii longissimt” indicates only that the middle pair was longer than the other, or it may also signify that it in this “ Larus” was very long compared with the other Lari described by him, which all had a square tail. Mr. SUNDEVALL (Tent. Meth. Av. Disp. p. 136) uses the same phrase exactly in the same meaning, when he characterizes the whole genus in the words, “ Cauda subaquali, pennis 2 mediis longissimis,” and nobody will consider this to be incorrect, although he, in the genus thus characterized, includes the Cataracta skua BRUNN. Besides, the quo- tations and the habits of the bird, as they are given in the 10th edition, agree better with the common Jaeger than with the long-tailed species. The authors who take this edition for their starting point in nomencla- ture have not the slightest reason for changing the name.
SAUNDERS, DRESSER, and most English writers, however, found their nomenclature on the 12th edition of 1766. In this the diagnosis from the 10th edition is reprinted verbatim. Besides, there is nothing new which can justify the change; it might then be that Linn US here cites aS synonymous the longicaudatus of BRISSON, but as he does not adopt the other species of the same author, the ‘‘ Stercorrarius,” the erro- neous citation is of no importance, as it only shows that he did not recognize more than one species. Thus the 12th edition does not furnish any reason supporting the change. But—and this is the main point— this edition contains a phrase which corroborates the opinion here de- fended, and which appears to have been overlooked by Mr. SAUNDERS, viz, ‘ Rachis remigum rectricumque, imprimis subtus, nivea.” From this quotation it seems to be evident that LiINN.a:US means the bifd which has the shafts of all the primaries white, and that his parasiticus of 1766 belongs less to the long-tailed species than even the parasiticus of 1758. If it is so that both editions of the Systema Naturalis entitle the common Jaeger to bear the name parasiticus LIN., it will be of no importance that the description in Fauna Svecica (1761)—the diagnosis is the same as in 8. N.—is perhaps made from a specimen of the long-tailed species which LINNAEUS himself confounded with the common Jaeger. It will
42 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
have no influence on those authors who start from 1758, because the description of the Fauna is of later date, and it must have less influence on those who date their specific appellations from 1766, because the said description is older, and those ornithologists pay no attention to names given before that date. It will be the less justifiable for them to use the name of 1761, as this is opposite to the appellation of 1766.
Mr. SAUNDERS himself states (tom. cit. p. 651) that “these violent transfers must always be productive of confusion even when justifiable.” Where the case is clear and allows no doubt, we will have, however, to accept the oldest name, even if the restoration for a short time would produce some confusion, but it should never be performed where the case is doubtful, or, like the present, more than doubtful.
In order to show the proper names of the two species, I give the fol- lowing synonymy :
1, Stercorarius parasiticus (LIN.)
1758.—Larus parasiticus Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 136 (nec descr. Faun. 1761 (?), nec LEss.).
1764.—Catharacta cepphus BRUNN. Orn. Bor. p. 36 (nec STEPH. ).
1764.—Catharacta coprotheres BRUNN. op. cit. p. 38 (?).
1773.—Larus crepidatus BANKS in Hawkesw. Voy. II (p. 15) (nec BRM. & SCHILL.).
1824.—Lestris boji BrM., Lehrb. Eur. Vég. II, p. 991.
12824.—Lestris schleepii BRM., tom. cit. p. 993.
1824.—Lestris benickii BrM., tom. cit. p. 996.
1811-31.—Catarractes parasita PALL., Zoogr. Ross.-As. II, p. 310.
1831.—Lestris richardsoni SWAINs., Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 433.
1562.—Lestris thuliaca PREYER, Reise n. Isl. (p. 418).
1865.—Stercorarius tephras MALINGR., Journ. f. Orn., 1865, p. 392.
1873.—Stercorarius asiaticus HUME, Stray Feathers (p. 269).
2. Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILL.
1819.—Stercorarius longicaudus VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. @Hist. Nat. xxxii, p. 157 1822.—‘“‘ Lestris buffonii H-: Borer,” F. Born, Isis, 1822, pp. 562 and 874. 1822.—Lestris crepidata BRM. and SCHILL., Britr. Vogelk. (p. 861) (nec BANKs). 1826.—Stercorarius cepphus STEPH. in SHAw, Gen. Zool., XIII, I, p. 211. 1828.—Lestris parasitica LEss., Man. d’Orn. II, p. 288 Gaakes LINN. 1758). 1831.—Lestris microrynchus BRM., Handb. Vég. Deutsch]. p. 725.
1838.—Lestris lessoni DEGL., Mem. Acad. Roy. de Lille, 1838 (p. 108). 1842.—Stercorarius longicaudatus DE SELYS, Faune Belg. (p. 156). 1855,—Lestris brachyrhynchus BrM., Vogelf. (p. 337).
1867.—‘‘ Lestris brissoni Born,” DEGL. and GERBE, Ornith. Europ. II, p. 400,
PODICEPS and COLYMBUS.
LINN-£US united the Grebes and the Loons or Divers in the same genus, Colymbus, but in 1760 BRISSON had already separated the Loons from the Grebes, retaining the name Colymbus for the latter. In 1777 Scopoui followed his example. Ten years later LATHAM applied the name Podiceps to the same group, this consequently being a mere syhomym of Colymbus as restricted by BRISSON. As the name given by the latter author to the Loons was preoccupied, the next name, which is CUVIER’S Urinator, is to be used. The name Hudytes ILLIGER,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43
although 12 years younger, has been generally adopted, but it must give way to the older name, for the suppression of which I see no reason.
The following is the synonymy of the genus:
Urinator Cuv.
<.1758.—Colymbus Lin., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 135.
= 1760.—Mergus Briss., Ornith. VI, p. 104 (nec LINN. 1758.) <(1777.— Uria Scorout, Introd. p. 473 (nec Briss. 1760). =1799.— Urinator Cuv., Anat. Comp. I, Tabl. II.
= 1811.—Ludytes InuiaG., Prodr. Syst. p. 282.
< 1811-31.—Cepphus Tauu., Zoogr. Ross.-As.
> 1829.—Eudites Kaur, Entwg. Eur, Thierw. p. 144.
All the species belonging to this genus occur in North America, viz:
1. Urinator immer (BRUNN.),
usually known among North American ornithologists as C. torquatus BrRUNN.; but as the former name also is acceptable to those writers who follow the Stricklandian code of nomenclature, and who reject specific names older than 1766, I have found the name C. wmmer preferable, because it also occurs in the 12th edition of LINN ar Syst. Nat. The synonymy of the species is given as follows:
1764.—Colymbus immer BRUNN., Ornith. Bor. p. 38. 1764.—Colymbus torquatus BRUNN., tom. cit. p. 41. 1765.—Colymbus maximus GUNN., Tr. Selsk. Skr. III, p. 125. 1766.—Colymbus glacialis LIN., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I, p. 221. 1790.—Mergus nevius BONNAT., Enc. Meth. Orn. I, p. 73. ‘ 1810.—Colymbus atrogularis MEYER & WOLF, Taschb. Vég. Deutschl. I, p. 449 (partim). 1824.—Colymbus hyemalis BrM., Lehrb. Eur. Vég. II, p. 883. 1831.—Colymbus hiemalis BrM., Handb. Vég. Deutsch. p. 972.
2. Urinator adamsii (G. R. GRAY), 1859,
3. Urinator arcticus (LINN.), 1758.
4. Urinator pacificus (LAWR.).
5. Urinator lumme (BRUNN.), 1764.
This is the C. septentrionalis Lin. 1766. But as LINNaUS does not
give the name either in the 10th edition of Syst. Nat. or in 2d ed. of Fauna Svecica (1761), the name of BRUNNICH is to be used.
ON THE GENERA HARPORHYNCHUS, CABANIS, AND VE THRIOPTE- RUS, REICHENBACHS, WiTH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF VETVIIN A,
By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
In treating of the genus Harporhynchus, in its comprehensive sense, most authors have alluded more or less strongly to the great difference in form presented by the type of the genus (H. redivivus) on the one hand and certain species associated with it under the same generic name
44 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(notably “#H.” rufus). The various attempts at subdivision, however, have either proven failures, on account of the gradual transition between the two extremes in certain characters, or unsatisfactory, by reason of the line having been variously drawn by different authors.* As long ago as 1855, however, the line separating Methriopterus trom Harpor- hynchus appears to have been properly drawn, by Professor Baird in a ‘Synopsis of the species” under the heading of the latter, on p. 348 of “ Birds of North America.” While, however, arranging the species in a table under the two separate headings (Harporhynchus including redivi- ~ vus, lecontei, and crissalis, Methriopterus comprising curvirostris, longiros- tris, and rufus), Professor Baird hesitated to separate the two.groups gen- erically, but remarked as follows concerning the matter: “The transition from the one extreme in structuce in H. redivivus to the other in 7. rufus is so gradual as to render it very difficult to separate them ; 7’. curviros- tris has a shorter tarsus (about equal to the middle toe) than the others, and the graduation of the tail is less. It is very difficult to say whether it should more properly be assigned to the first section or the second. In the character of the bill there is the most gradual transition from its very long greatly curved shape in H. redivivus to the straight and short one of H. rufus.” It appears, however, that other characters of more importance than the mere size and shape of the bill, serve, when taken in connection with the latter, to very readily distinguish two groups which it seems to me are of generic rank. These distinetions I have been able to verify in the case of all the species known to date, includ- ing two (I. palmeri and M. bendiret unknown when Professor Baird’s “Review” was published, besides two others M. cinereus (Xantus), and M. ocellatus (Sel.) not taken into consideration in the “ Birds of North America.” These characters are as follows:
1. HARPORHYNCHUS. Tarsus much shorter than culmen; gonys equal to or Jonger than middle toe, without claw; tail exceeding the wing by much more than the length of the tarsus. Lower parts wholly Basar ulate.
2. METHRIOPTERUS. Tarsus longer than the culmen; gonys much shorter than the middle toe, without claw; tail er eeine the wing by much less than the length of the tarsus. noe er parts more or less dis- tinetly spotted or streaked (markings nearly obsolete in M. palmeri).
To Harporhynchus, as thus restricted, belong only H. redivivus, H. lecontei, and H. crissalis, while to Methriopterus may be referred the
*'Thus, Dr. Sclater, in his ‘‘ Synopsis of the Thrushes ( Turdidw) of the New World,” (P. Z. 8. 1859, pp. 338-40), includes Orpheus curvirostris Swains. under Harporhynchus, along with H. redivivus, H. lecontei, and H. crissalis, *‘ Methriopterus” embracing only O. longirostris Lafr. and Turdus rufus Linn. In his ‘Catalogue of a Collection of American Birds,” published two years later (1862; pp. 7-8), Dr. Sclater sdopts essentially the same arrangement, Harporhynchus being represented by ‘‘H.” curvirostris, and Methri- opterus by “HH.” longirostris, ‘‘H.” rufus, and ‘‘H.” cinereus. Ht is proper to state, however, that the term Methriopterus is not used in a generic sense, but merely as a convenient subgeneric heading.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4d
following: M. rufus, M. longirostris, M. ocellatus, M. cinereus, M. bendirei, M. palmeri, and M. curvirostris. This arrangement, I am aware, removes M. palmert much further from H. lecontei than Mr. Brewster (cf. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Apr. 1881, p. 67) has suggested should be its posi- tion, but after a very careful comparison with all the species, made in connection with Mr. Brewster’s remarks upon the subject, | am con- vinced that the two birds have in fact nothing in common beyond a general superficial resemblance in coloration. In fact, these two spe- cies, which exhibit the nearest approach in the two genera, may be as readily distinguished by the characters given above as may H. redi- vivus and HH. rufus, although the difference is of course far greater be- tween the two latter. With but a single specimen of H. lecontet for comparison, I cannot verify a single one of the characters adduced by Mr. Brewster as distinguishing this species from H. redivivus, although I am obliged to indorse his view of their specific distinctness, since very positive specific characters distinguish them, the most important of which, it appears to me, are the following:
1. H. REDIvivus. Tail slightly darker and somewhat browner than the back; lower parts chiefly ochraceous-buff, the crissum more fulvous; auriculars dusky, with distinet whitish shart sitcaks no distinct dusky ‘‘bridle” or paler malar stripe. Wing 3.90-4.30, tail 4.90-5.80, culmen (to exposed base) 1.35-1.75; width of maxilla at nostrils .25-.30, the lateral outlines gradually but decidedly divergent toward the base; tarsus 1.45-1.60, middle toe .95-1.12.
2. H. LECONTEI. Tail very decidedly darker but scarcely browner than the back; lower parts (especially abdomen) chiefly dull white, the crissum ochraceous, in marked contrast; auriculars light brownish gray, like occiput, without distinct paler streaks; throat bordered on each side by a distinet dusky “bridle,” and a distinct malar stripe of whitish, narrowly barred with dusky. Wing 3.70-3.90, tail 4.57-5.20, een (from exposed base) 1.25-1.35; width of maxilla at nostrils .20-.21, the lateral outlines parallel from near the tip back nearly or quite to nostrils ; tarsus 1.25, middle toe .85.
It will thus be seen that aside from positive characters afforded by the plumage, the proportions of the two species are radically distinct. While the wing and tail average slightly less in H. lecontei, the tarsus and middle toe are disproportionately shorter. In fact, both the feet and bill are altogether slenderer, and much more like those of H. crissa- lis, to which there is also a ocr nearer Tesemptance in the dusky “bridle” and whitish malar stripe.
The “ Harporhynchus” graysoni, from the island of Socorro, I propose to make the type of a new genus, as follows:
Genus MIMODES, Ridgway.
Cu.—Somewhat like Mimus, but with the bill decidedly stouter the wing much more rounded, and the colors much more uniform.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tail much longer than the wing, rounded, but with the four middle rectrices of equal length. Fourth, fifth, and sixth quills longest, the third about equal to the seventh; second not longer than the tenth. Depth of the bill through the base decidedly more than half the length of the gonys, or of the maxilla from the nostril to the tip; gonys less than half the total length of the mandible. Colors plain brown, paler below, without distinct white markings on wings or tail.
Type, Harporhynchus graysoni Baird.
In general appearance, the type and only known species of this genus is somewhat interinediate between the species of the genera JMJethriop- terus and Harporhynchus, having the straighter bill of the former and the uniform brownish coloration of the latter. A close comparison, how- ever, reveals the fact that the species in question is very much more nearly related to the genus Mimus than to either of those named above, while at the same time it becomes obvious that it cannot be ineluded in the latter genus, by reason of the very marked distinctive characters pointed out above, in which it differs from every species of Mimus with which I have been able to compare it.* The distinctive characters of the two genera may be contrasted as follows:
Mimuvs. Depth of bill through base decidedly less than half the length of the maxilla from nostril to tip, and not more than half the length of the gonys; the latter decidedly nore than the distance from its base to the malar apex; third, fourth, and fifth quills longest, second longer, equal to or longer than eighth. Tail with more or less of white.
MIMODES. Depth of bill through base decidedly more than half the length of the maxilla from nostril to tip, and also decidedly more than half the length of the gonys; the latter decidedly less than the distance from its base to the malar apex. Fourth, fifth, and sixth quills longest, the second equal to the tenth. Tail without white.
ON A PHOSPHATIC SANDSTONE FROM HAWTHORNE, IN FLORIDA.
By GEORGE W. HAWES, PH. D.,
Curator in the National Museum.
In connection with the work, upon the products of quarries which is being performed under the auspices of the Tenth Census at the National Museum in Washington, analyses have been made of a stone that is
*Including the following: MW. polyglottus (including its West Indian races), M. triurus, M. gilvus, M. saturninus, M. calandria, M. thenca, M. longicaudatus, M. ‘‘ nigriloris,” M. hilli, and M. melanotis. I have not seen specimens of M. dorsalis, M. patachonicus, M. trifasciatus, or M. parvulus, but these species (except possibly the two latter) appear to be congeneric with those named above. It may prove advisable, however, to separate the three specics of the Galapagoes (VW. melanotis, M. trifasciatus, and M. parvulus) on account of their very lengthened and slender bill, but I am not prepared to say that this should be done.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 47
quarried in Florida, which has proved to contain ingredients that make it valuable for other than building purposes. To render this informa- tion available to those interested in agricultural resources, the analyses that have been made upon this material are now published.
There are very few stone quarries in the State of Florida—in fact almost the only one in actual operation is that at Hawthorne, in Alachua County, which is operated by Mr. C. A. Simmons.
When saturated with its quarry water this stone is quite soft and can be cut with an axe or sawn with much facility, and bricks of any desired shape can be very easily cut from it. The chimneys of the region, and the walls and houses, so far as stone has been used in their construction, are made from blocks that have been taken from this quarry. The ma- terial rapidly hardens when exposed to the air.and sun, and some struct- ures that were made of it thirty years ago are said to be still in good condition. Cubes 34 inches upon their edges have been extracted, and it is stated that a cube two or three times as large might be obtained. The cubic contents of the excavated space is 800 yards, but the space occupied by the deposit covers a large area and the material is said to be practically inexhaustible. The marl beds which are associated with this rock contain sharks’ teeth and bones which mark the Tertiary age of the formation. Professor Smith, who has so recently written upon the geology of Florida, in the American Journal of Science, April, 1881, page 292, states that this bed belongs with the Vicksburg beds which cover so large a portion of the interior of Florida.
This stone possesses properties which evidently render it valuable as a material of construction, especially in the southern latitudes, where frost does not act as a disintegrating agent. It was examined by one of the southern chemists, who stated that it consisted almost entirely of silica and would be good for glass making. The examination of a thin section of this stone, however, indicated that it possesses such a peculiar structure, foreign to a quartz rock, that the necessity of analyses was suggested. These analyses were performed by Dr. A. B. Howe, upon two specimens taken from different portions of the quarry. The first specimen gave the following results:
| all II. | Mean. | S109,5 = 2.) 46. 70 46. 83 46. 765 Ieee we) las 1958 | 19.61 19. 57 Fe203 ..-- 1.79 1. 64 1.715 C10 2.91 | 2.75 2 83 MgO..... 16 127 “215 PoQs .---- 16. 12 | 16. 02 16. 07 Heese 14.28 | (14.28) | + 14.28
101. 49 | 101.40 | 101. 445 | |
48 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The second specimen was like the first, porous, and slightly yellowish in color, but it was softer—a circumstance due to the fact that it had been lately quarried. Its composition was as follows:
dt IME Mean.
50. 76 50. 73 12 86 12. 85
1. 85 1. 83 11. 96 12. 015 -33 . 345 32 - 32 33 . 33 13. 12 13. 045 8. 39 8. 39 86 . 86
100. 78 100. 715
The composition of this rock indicates therefore that it might be ad- vantageously employed as a fertilizing material. Although the per- centage of phosphoric acid is less than in the best Carolina phosphate, there is no lime to be neutralized by sulphuric acid before liberating the phosphoric acid. I am informed that the extent of the deposit which is represented by these analyses is very large. But the investigation of the value of this material as a fertilizer would of necessity involve further analyses and a more extensive investigation of this aspect of the question than interests us in our consideration of the substance as a building material.
The microscopic structure of this rock indicates that it is composed largely of angular grains of sand which are cemented together by < fibrous material which is probably the phosphate, and by a simple re- fracting substance which appears to be a mixture of kaolin and hydrous silica. By treating the rock with caustic potash, Dr. Howe dissolved over 7 per cent. of silica from it. The solution used contained 50 per cent. of caustic potash (K O H.); in the first experiment 8.71 per cent. of silica was dissolved, and in the second 7.93 per cent. of silica. This determination is an indication that the hardening of the rock on expos- ure is due to the presence of this hydrous silica, which might be, in part at least, in a gelatinous condition in the rock, when soaked with its quarry water. Owing to the nature of the components it is not easy to calculate the mineral nature of the phosphate, which is apparently different in the two specimens analyzed. In the first case the acid is apparently combined with alumina and in the second case with lime.
NATIONAL MUSEUM, June 29, 1881.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. AY
NOTES ON THE NATIVE TREES OF THE LOWER WABASH AND WHITE REVER VALLEYS, IN ILLINOIS AND INDIANA.
By ROBERT RIDGWAY.
[The accompanying notes on the forest-growth of the Lower Wabash Valley were prepared originally for the use of Professor Sargent in his report upon the forest trees of North America for the Tenth Census. It being impossible, however, for him to utilize more than occasional extracts, he suggested to the writer their publication ‘in toto in some convenient form,” so that all interested in this important subject might have the benefit of these observations. It is, therefore, in deference to Professor Sar- gent’s advice that the present paper is herewith presented. ]
INTRODUCTION.
Although the field of this paper ostensibly iacludes the valley of the Wabash and that of its main tributary, White River, from the mouth of the former stream north to where the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad crosses them both (or from latitude 37° 50/ to 38° 50’, approximately), it is proper to state that actual investigations have been made at very few points within the district named, and chiefly in the immediate vicinity of Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Illinois, which alone has been carefully explored. In the limited area comprised within five miles’ radius from Mount Carmel, 86 species of trees have been found growing wild, including several which are commonly classed as shrubs, but which there grow to a height of 30 feet or more. Rather protracted observations in Knox County, Indiana, some twenty-five miles to the northeast of Mount Carmel, and in Posey County, 20 miles or more southward, did not increase the list, but extremely desultory observa- tions, made by Dr. J. Schneck, of Mount Carmel, in Gallatin County, Illinois, near the mouth of the Wabash River, where the country is very broken, resulted in the addition of Juniperus virginiana, Chamecyparis spheroidea, and a Pinus ;* while White County, the next one south of Wabash, adds one more (Aralia spinosa). Robinia pseudacacia occurs plentifully in the hilly districts in the southern part of both Illinois and Indiana, but has not been met with in the wild state by the writer.
Halesia tetraptera is quoted from Evansville, Ind. (only forty miles south of Mount Carmel), and from “Southern Illinois”; while the Prince Maximilian von Wied, who passed one winter (October 19, 1832, to March 16, 1833) at New Harmony, Posey County, gives, in his Reise in das innere Nord-America,t vol. i, p. 209, a list of about 60 species of trees which came under his observation in that vicinity, and among which are included several which have not been found by Dr. Schneck or myself, though it should be stated that our observations in Posey County have been confined to a very limited field. These species are, ‘‘ Juglans”
*Tt is as yet undetermined whether the species is P. mitis or P. inops. +t Published in Coblenz, 1839.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82
4 Jume £2, 1882.
50 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[= Carya] aquatica, “J.” [= C.] myristiceformis, Acer “striatum” [= A. pennsylvanicum), Robinia pseudacacia, Cerasus” |= Prunus] virginianus, and Nyssa sylvatica. It is, therefore, very likely that several species are to be added to those given in the appended list, thus making an actual total of nearly 100 species of trees which are native to the valley of the lower Wabash.
The most marked features of the woods in the region under consider- ation, as compared with those of more eastern districts, are, (1) the entire absence of coniferous trees, except in special and usually very restricted localities, and (2) the great variety of species growing together. They are emphatically ‘‘mixed woods,” it being very rare indeed to find a single species predominating over all others, though in limited sections or particular localities one or another of the oaks (most frequently Q. alba), the Sugar Maple or Sweet Gum, may largely prevail; indeed, even the Honey Locust and Catalpa have been noticed, in a single instance each, to form the prevailing growth on a restricted area. Usually, however, from 40 to 50 species of trees are mixed together indiscrimi- nately upon an area approximating, say, 50 to 75 acres, the relative abundance of the component species varying with the location, char- acter of soil, geological formation, and other local causes. The two fol- lowing lists, made on the spot, are given as typical :
(1) Area, about 50 acres ; situation, about 15 miles west of Mount Carmel, Wabash County, LUinois, in bottoms of Greathouse Creek ; date, September 16, 1876.
pen
. Pawpaw, Asimina triloba.
Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum.
. Red Maple, Acer rubrum.
. Sugar Maple, Acer saccharinum.
. Honey Locust, Gleditschia triacanthos. Coffee-bean, Gymnocladus canadensis. Red-bud, Cercis canadensis.
. Wild Plum, Prunus virginiana.
Wild Cherry, Prunus serotina.
. Crab Apple, Pirus coronaria. Cock-spur Thorn, Crataegus crus-galli. 2. “Red Haw”, Crataegus (species undetermined). 15. Sweet Gum, Liquidambar styraciflua. 14. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida. 15. “Black Gum”, Nyssa (sylvatica ?).
16. Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana.
17. White Ash, Fraxinus americana.
18. Blue Ash, Frazinus quadrangulata. 19. Red Ash, Fraxinus pubescens.
20. Sassafras, Sassafras officinale.
21. White Elm, Ulmus americana.
op oo bo
NS
me HOD DM
2
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 51
i
Slippery Elm, Ulmus fulva. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis. . Mulberry, Morus rubra. Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. . Butternut, Juglans cinerea. 28. Shell-bark Hickory, Carya alba. . “Big Shellbark”, Carya sulcata. . “Little Shellbark”, Carya microcarpa. . Black Hickory, Carya tomentosa. . Broom Hickory, Carya amara. . Pig-nut Hickory, Carya porcina. . White Oak, Quercus alba. Swamp White Oak, Quercus bicolor. . “Chinquapin” Oak, Quercus muhlenbergi. . Michaux’s Oak, Quercus michauxt. . Searlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. . Laurel Oak, Quercus imbricaria. . Water Oak, Quercus palustris. . Red Oak, Quercus rubra. 2. Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria. 43. Red Birch, Betula nigra. 44, Shining Willow, Salix lucida. 45. Cottonwood, Populus monilifera. 46. Swamp Cottonwood, Populus heterophylla.
oe
wwrprytdy bb ib by ty PSSODAADAAE
bo
mm ww ww ww BP SSaOHNAAE
The following additional species grew within half a mile of the woods in question, some of them just beyond its borders:
1. Tulip Poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera. Box Elder, Negundo aceroides. Stag-horn Sumac, Rhus typhina. Black Haw, Viburnum prunifolium. Winged Elm, Ulmus alata.
. Pecan, Carya oliveformis.
. Spanish Oak, Quercus falcata.
. Black-jack Oak, Quercus nigra.
. Post Oak, Quercus stellata.
10. Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana. 11. Black Willow, Salix nigra.
12. Aspen, Populus tremuloides ?
oo bo
e
DONDE
Making a total of 58 species of trees, all “ hard woods,” actually found growing on an area of less than one mile square. In addition to these there would be added in certain portions of the river bottoms the fol- lowing, so that it is possible to find as many as 75 species on the same area in the vicinity of Mount Carmel:
1. Linden, Tilia americana.
52 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
. Large-leafed Linden, Tilia heterophylla,
. Buckeye, d?seulus glabra?
Water Locust, Gleditschia monosperma.
. Narrow-leafed Crab Apple, Pirus angustifolia. Scarlet-fruited Thorn, Cratcgus coccinea. ‘““Red Haw,” Cratcegus subvillosa.
. Service Tree, Amelanchier canadensis.
Green Ash, Fravinus viridis.
. Black Ash, Fraxvinus sambucifolia.
. Catalpa, Catalpa speciosa.
. Mississippi Hackberry, Celtis mississippiensis. . Overcup Oak, Quercus lyrata.
14. Hop Hornbeam, Ostrya virginica.
15. Beech, Fagus ferruginea.
16. Black Birch, Betula lenta.
17. Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum.
Po
ON’ oo St
se S
2
t
bad (oN)
The larger number of the species in the last list are, of course, more or less local, but it is believed that every one of them, and also those of the two preceding lists (excepting, perhaps, Ulmus alata, Quercus fal- cata, Q. nigra, and Q. stellata, which prefer poorer soils), could be found on an area of less than a square mile in extent, commencing at the bank ot the Wabash River, immediately above the mouth of White River, and extending back through the cypress swamp to the bluffs which border the bottom lands. This gives for one square mile of woods, a grand total of more than 70 species of trees, not including several of the larger shrubs (as Amorpha fruticosa and Ilex verticillata), which here attain almost the stature of trees.
(2) Area, about 75 acres; location, about 2 miles west of Wheatland, Knox County, Indiana, adjoining the western border of Monteur’s Pond; date, May, 1881.
Tulip Poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera.
Pawpaw, Asimina triloba.
Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum.
Red Maple, Acer rubrum.
Sugar Maple, Acer saccharinum.
Box Elder, Negundo aceroides.
. “Dwarf” Sumac, Rhus copallina.
- Smooth Sumac, Rhus glabra.
Honey Locust, Gleditschia triacanthos.
. Coffee-bean, Gymnocladus canadensis.
. Red-bud, Cercis canadensis.
2. Wild Plum, Prunus americana.
. Wild Cherry, Prunus serotina.
. Crab Apple, Pirus coronaria.
3. Black Thorn, Crategus tomentosa.
Cee SL Pe Seiko
tt ee ee Cre OO Troe sg
16. i,
bo He ene ce
wwormwdsdbyNNHNW BSSHAADN t
32, Jd. od, 30. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. AT. 48, 49, 50. 51. 52.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dd
“Haw,” Orategus (species undetermined.) Sweet Gum, Liquidambar styraciflua.
. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida. . “Black Gum,” Nyssa sylvatica ?
Black Haw, Viburnum prunifolium.
. Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana.
White Ash, Fraxinus americana. Black Ash, Fraxinus sambucifolia. Red Ash, Fraainus pubescens.
. Catalpa, Catalpa speciosa. . Sassafras, Sassafras officinale.
White Elm, Ulmus americana.
. Slippery Elm, Ulmus fulva.
Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis..
. Mulberry, Morus rubra. . Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis.
Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. Shell-bark Hickory, Carya alba. Big Shellbark, Carya sulcata.
Black Hickory, Carya tomentosa. Pig-nut Hickory, Carya porcina. Broom Hickory, Carya amara. White Oak, Quercus alba.
Swamp White Oak, Quercus bicolor. Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa. Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. Laurel Oak, Quercus imbricaria. Water Oak, Quercus palustris.
Red Oak, Quercus rubra.
Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria. Beech, Fagus ferruginea. Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana. Black Willow, Salix nigra.
Shining Willow, Salix lucida. Swamp Cottonwood, Populus heterophylla. Common Cottonwood, Populus monilifera. Aspen, Populus tremuloides.
Originally, much the larger part of the district under consideration was heavily timbered, and at present the nearest actual prairies to Mount Carmel are distant about 20 to 30 miles in Lawrence and Rich- mond Counties, [linois. Since the first settlement of the country,” however, the distribution of the timber has very materially changed, much of the original forest having been cleared for cultivation, while on the other hand nearly all the smaller prairies have become trans-
~
*Mount Carmel was laid out as a town in 1818, but the surrounding country had already become sparsely settled.
b4 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
formed into woodland. It is difficult to now estimate what proportion of the orignal growth (considered as to area, little if any being now in its primitive condition) is now standing, but it is stated by those most competent to judge, that on account of this encroachment of the woods upon the former prairies, there is now a greater extent of woodland in Wabash and adjoining counties (in Illinois) then there was fifty years ago. The growth of this new forest is so rapid that extensive woods near Mount Carmel (consisting chietly of Oaks and Hickories, averaging more than 80 feet high, and 1 to nearly 2 feet in diameter), were open prairie within the memory of some of the present owners of the land!
The original growth of the richer bottom lands and slopes of the blufts was probably equal in magnitude to that of any other hard-wood forest in Eastern North America; at least the taller trees even now standing considerably exceed in height the dimensions given in standard text- books, and evidently based on the growth of other sections of the country. That this discrepancy of size indicates actual superiority I am, however, loti to believe, but am rather inclined to attribute it to a paucity of measurements of trees in other sections, a view of the case which is considerably strengthened by the fact that the diameter of the larger trees does not greatly exceed that attained in the original forest along the Atlantic seaboard, except, perhaps, in the case of particular species. Certain it is, that the virgin forests of the western slope of the Alleghanies, in West Virginia, and, possibly, that of some portions of Southern Ohio, appear to compare very favorably with those of the lower Wabash region; at least that is the impression which I have re- ceived from passing through them repeatedly by rail; while I am econ- fident that in Jackson County, Indiana, near the line of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad even a larger growth exists at the present time than in most parts of the Lower Wabash Valley, but I have no measurements wherewith to substantiate this impression.
The investigations upon which my knowledge of the timber of the Lower Wabash region is based extend over many years, during which time an opportunity for taking a desirable measurement was never neglected. I have furthermore received much assistance from friends and correspondents interested in the subject, ameng whom I may especially mention Dr. J. Schneck, of Mount Carmel; his brother, Charles Schneck, of Posey County, Indiana; and Mr. Thos. J. Johnston, county surveyor of Posey County. Dr. Schneck has already published, in Professor Cox’s Geological Survey of Indiana (volume for 1875, pp. 504-579), a “Catalogue of the Flora of the Wabash Valley, below the mouth of White River,” in which may be found most important infor- mation respecting the subject in hand; and in reply to letters asking for measurements of the timber of their localities, both of the other gentlemen named above responded with the desired information. The measurements taken by Messrs. Johnston and Schneck are herewith given.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL
MUSEUM. 55
(1.) Measurements of trees in New Harmony Township, Posey County, Indiana, by Thos. J.
Johnston, county surveyor.
of ~ : nN SE | 4 25 é Se Wea leas Name of tree. Bq Fs eb Remarks. So oil, cores a hayes Sess es Se AR a Ft. In.| Feet Feet. Yellow Poplar. (Lirtodendron tulipifera)........-------+. 21 80 145 | Hollow base.* eaters ty ci eee. gins siosrs xid)s seraisasienielereee 19 60 130 | Sound. White Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) ......--+----.+-++-- 16 70 125 Do.
1) Otc e le ate erent s a ee ots cloie/ain/\cioeipia w\siora 15° 6/ 50 110 Do. ‘Yellow Poplar. (Liriodendron tulipifera) De cihcieicsis sivereraisse 14° 9/ 55 120 Do. Winitot yas (COUCTCUSIALDU emnmninen aise ee = ate teeta 15 60 115 Do.
teeta aetsta lal cit et ieee sno nlaialala’sleisiels|= sia\s\s/a(siet= oinialesotsin:s 15° 4/ 54 110 Do.
be eee eete nototaleta ate tale eter arot-fataistatniataia sialon aicietai=/atel aim mictete/oic/= ley, s) 18° 6/ 45 97 | Do.
BD) Ofer tate etetetee ate ici a eiial as ale setae salto elas late eel ioge miciniesini 130° 4/ 48 107 | Partially hollow.
ae eae eet nieai eet} toma alesis ctictie oe cece eee eat 13 | 43 95 | Sound.
ae neta eteta a tailaain ela etcislolate let siare alate iaceieceeataie.c stew 12° 5/ 35 87 Do. Black one (Qiuencres TiN ClLOTU) 2) = sen ces cmc nica sssasasicme 18 75 128 Do.
WD Ome emacs icias cis cisaclocienatsisiewisicie vicictn ee ecis,cle wcielsisiasicct 17° 6’ 60 118 | Do.
BD) OM ore ama nic een eine = ele es ateinte Slemiee Scetscainn ceaet eis 20 50 102) ‘Swell but.”’
IND) co etna re etter ota eee (otra Recreate iolete aisle eceister=i slate i4 49 100 | Sound.
I) eee oe te ee tale eect lainiays ete icici ae B sieisielea sate 12° 6/ 43 96 Do. Bur.Oak. (Quercus macrocarpa) ..---..-----------++-+---- 18° 3/ 35 75 Do.
Cl) Ope ee cpciste s Nee eee Sisioe ciate Satale Sa eines cee cee 17° 2/ 37 80 Do.
DO Bete Sree fore ote To iasaloin Stone cian Sake eicicis ie we ramsion 14° 7 31 77 Do.
DIE Oneal oe ucla eerie eric isis Sees cis cine ene clas 12° 9’ 82 76 Do. Sweet Gum. (Liquidambar styraciflua) ..----...-.-.------ 13° 6/ 70 115 | Hollow
DOR aos cet esiscisistsieis a setsictevaisis <= Scieicierwiasiaraicieiaicloreiesoiele 12 60 100 | Sound.
WOKE ee eo ae cies Sec coledaenceaessoscncuses Soticce 11° 8 62 104 | Do.
IL) Cre Ne ote ate eeee eaaier aeo alee sia See one erates cimiaeierck crs 11° 2! 58 98 Do.
Mb err yc | CUO RUS ITUD TO). ocr lene ee caiciecciniesiticini ce sce 10 20 60 Do. Sassafras. ( INLESCINASOPLCINGLC) — sanenm en wslaceaicec sence cies 7° 6 75 95 Do. Sugar-tree.. (Acersaccharinum) -...c.0c--2+2+--02-%-s05-5% 12 48 90 Do. Vian lene (Acer nuUDnine?) Mocceicce occ ceca cetiee cole cooeeanence 11° 7 70 108 Do.
* This tree and the next growing near together.
(2.) Measurements of trees in vicinity of Big Creek, Posey County, Indiana, by Mr. Charles
Schneck. Ag & ° 4a ag $8 4 Name of tree. ao os i} Remarks. Sod S a ‘SD go8| 82 5 Bro Om sein a Beh] 2 ° oO A x Cotton. (Populus monilifera) -----------------+- 18 70 165 | Bottoms; sound. Ash. tee, QNCHICONG emcees tes foe ee mee 13 65 137 | Hills; sound. Oalkege (Quercus alba?) ese eae ete anaes o eines V4 eechee 3.) eee e3 Hills. Poplar. (Liriodendron tulipifera) ...----. E 15 78 140 Hills; sound. MOS eee ee wee se cee aaaese Seeae etches 174 81 142 Do. EL) 0 Beer pee ser afar a rae Sia ete rears ars 20 91 155 Do. MOA saa5. shesceemes cases Bee Meets Seite oe DOF Ne aoseo sl eee = Hill. Cotton. “(Populus monilifera) ..-2.c0.cec0e se0ces 19 74 135 | Bottoms; sound. Walnut. (Jaglans nigra)... <-2---2-s-.s-5-c-2-- 174 60 130 | Bottoms; a small hollow. Bur Oak. (Quercus macrocarpa) .......--------- Dis || sec as.57 |Saccoce Bottoms; sound. Sycamore. (Platanus occidentalis) .....--..----- 22 ste 2S. soos Do. Bur Oak. (Quercus macrocarpa) ..-...----.----- 18 60 130 Do. Gum. (Liquidambar styraciflua) ...-..-.-.--..- Me |\ocsbuesd|e estes. Bottoms. Sycamore. (Platanus occidentalis) .........----- Day eae a mtalees toe ee Bottoms: sound. © Mine (Livia americana ewer eee. lees lee aL [od ares LS eee ce Bottoms.
The following extracts from Mr. Johnston’s letter accompanying the measurements sent by him may also be of interest: “¢ The decayed stump of a poplar [i. e., Tulip Tree] is now partly stand-
.
56 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ing near here (New Harmony) that is said by good citizens to have been, when standing, about 37 feet in circumference. . . . There are some Cot- tonwoods here that I have not mentioned [in the list], some 5 to 6 feet diameter. Some large Sycamores, ‘swell-buts,’ reach even 37 to 40 feet circunference, but they are hollow.”
The heaviest timber in Posey County is said to be in Point Township, in the lower end of the county. a:
In Dr. Schneck’s “ Catalogue of the Flora of the Lower Wabash Val- ley,” already referred to, the author gives (on p. 512) a table of measure- ments, which are said to show the maximum size attained by 23 species of trees, ‘the measurements in each case being those of one individual.”
Oyen ° see | a° ese | fes| 3 SH on |~sa = Name. Gabe | SFe "3 Ae Fe ag Bae, | set = OU eeee S Reo | SHB! Vc o (a a | : Feet. | Feet. | Feet. Pecan (Carya oliveformis) .........-. Ce Be teat tae Se oe ae ise Soe 16 | 90 175 Black Oak (Quercus coccinea var. tinctoria).....--.---2--cececce- ce -- eee ee 20 To 160 BuniOalka( Quercus macnocanpi) i. 2 sae ee ee een ae See eg! 22 | 72 165 Wihite Oak (Ortencws al) tee cate te teh ak ee ne ne 18 | 60 150 Persimmon (‘Diospyros virguntana)) ese 2225.) eens see see sae eee een 5S | 80 115 Black Walnntinegtamseyntgna essen ee eee eae oe ne en ee 22 | 74 155 Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos).2- +2 sede esencees sole. een ssll =e: 18 61 129 Catalpa (Catalpa bignoioides). [=O. speciosa !] ..............-.-c22-------- 6 | 48 101 Mini berny (Morus 707) one ec eneeee eene aeeee Sees ere 103 20 62 scarletiOalke (Quercus coccinem) 25. ease saee ees soe ease erence ee | 204 94 181 assatrass(Gssa fr as Opicrnale)) sere ese sees 1 ae Nae ea eran mae ks a 72 | 75 95 BASS WOO! (Ticmia erica Nd) a5 ee ae eee oe noes ane eee enna 17% | 50 109 Bald Cypress (Tawodium distichwm) 5--25-25.- 25-220. c ever en coeds eee ee cene 182 74 146 FRE CEM ae iC Cer tLU ITE) ae eee ete ae eee eae ee 13 | 60 108 DVCAMOre (PUALCNIULS OCCIAETLALIS) soe oe ne ee tate Den ne ens 334 | 68 176 Rulip Eree\(Uimiodendrontulapiend) ero--e oeeeee cee eee ee renee nena 25 91 190 White Aish (Pracinus americana) 2c) nes eee a Neate ey nem ae 174 90 144 Cottonwood (Populus monilifera) ......2.----------eececee nee cee eeeeeates 22 75 170 Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua).........-..- asec eae eee ete ei 17 80 164 Black Mickory: (Oar LOmentosd) epee sane eee ae ee ee eee ne ie 103 | 55 112 Sugar Maple (Aicensacchoariniwm)cot ese eect ae abe nena cements Cnn oe 123 | 60 118 Water Oak: (Quercuspatustris) be ine seen c nen Sean rene home anc ana 12 23 120 Beech (HAG Us CLl Ug VILEd,) Wicsec ae mee ae ne tee See a ae nn Ee 1) 10 122 |
It may be remarked that the size indicated by the above figures is, in the case of some species, highly exceptional, and that I have meas- ured none so large. Not that a single one of the three measurements given is so very unusual (though this is in some cases true as regards height), but that it is exceedingly uncommon to find such extreme meas- urements of girth, length of trunk, and total height combined in a single tree.
According to measurements thus far made it has been determined be- yond doubt that at least thirty-four species of trees reach or exceed a height of 100 feet, and it is all but certain that some ten or a dozen more, of which no measurements have been taken, also reach this height. No less than eleven reach, occasionally, at least, a height of 150 feet, the greatest height of any tree, so far as determined by accurate measure- ments, being 190 feet (Liriodendron); two (Liriodendron and Quercus coccinea, fide Dr. Schneck) reach a height of 180 feet; four reach 170 feet;
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED
STATES NATIONAL
5
MUSEUM. 7
eight attain 160 feet; eleven grow 150 feet high; thirteen 140; sixteen reach 130; twenty-three reach 120 feet ; twenty-seven 115 feet; twenty-
nine grow to 110 feet ;
and thirty-two exceed 105 feet.
The following list of the species determined as growing to 100 feet elevation or more shows the maximum height according to the independ- ent measurements of Dr. Schneck, Mr. Charles Schneck, Mr. Thomas J. Johnston, and myself:
List of trees attaining a height of 100 feet or more in the Lower Wabash Valley.
No. Name. Maximum height. Jj) || Liriodendron tulipifera <2-:.-2....--..--.--.-.0.---| -—-150, R. R.;.155, C..8.3145, L. J. di.3 190, Dr..S. Ai ebay OLICAN Bie jaclawieceslelaw cnislcled= cle sie-=wwin a =l= wi'= isi 130, R. R. ; 109, Dr. S. Su PA COMMAS CALDUM sce alctee cece esas snes cies \ereatacic= ses 118, R. R. Aa PAG er Tb Eile ae sestie tc sea Some em siateinwee alec oem 108° Ri, DriS:, Lid. J. MACOMB ACC I ANUN UN serte so eile iee es ctcteiaierejeisreinteiciw e\sisse'esa'= 115, R. Re 118, Dr. S.; 90, T. J.J. SiisGymnocladus) canadensis < 2.2. Sosco. poesia as 109, R. R. WalmGdeditschia triacanthose «-4essens-scsciseccoeece Soe 137, R. R.; 129,.Dr. S. Sa PPaguIGaMbaLishy Laci NB leacnce ss ncesescceinecec cles 144, R. R.: ; 115, T. J.J.; 164, Dr. S. OMEN VSSa"(SVlyvatiGat) ccs .cocecis woman \owiveniclnmclna ce ainjcie 125, R. R. LOMPMIOSPY LOS WALGINIAND coc nicciese eee =< 22> =n ine = \=inln 115, Dr. S. lel PRraxinns american areca. so-so sss eees sacar cess 144, R. R., Dr. 8. ; 187, C.S. 12) Hraxinus quadrangulata..:.-..--.--.ccccaccee cece 124, R. R. LSB O ata pa SPeClONAaats ae eminem eee ee eeicaaer 101, Dr. S. Ae base AM CL CAN Bee iso cioincis twlalotereieie= seein iiectanets ate 119, R. R. NSE Celtis,OCCl\GGNtalis) 2.25 c6 ose salinieie ee ae ee is) nlo a= 134, R. R. LGR pe latanustOccigentalisosseseesens ooo aceeeeccae eae 168, R. R., Dr. 8. Lif OR LAT S| CIN CLO Bese oelettelelajeientalalate.c wim aleteiniselmialeleie\-[-faminis 117, R. R. Noa da Clans Mi Orapecees ce eae secincee cease sas cee oe yes 156; R. R.; 155, Dr..S.; 130, C..S. HOB E@ any avail b alters tees toe cena sees eee sins oe eae ease eae as 129, R. R. AOR RC AaLvanaMalapemeaetcee cee. occ.ce cniciemetecioe sees seca 113, R. BR. Ji Carya Olivelormis)-c ee eceesi =e ta Soe eo nice nace oe | 175, Dr. S. Qo RC ALVanGOMeNtOSasercee. se ecen sae cn cece vel= ese cic ee os | +107, R. R.; 112, Dr. 8. Coa ROUGKCIS al base nee seater iee ms aac 1s nelcios ase ele elesiscy= = = 142, RR. 150) Dr. S. 3115, Daud. PAG EQ USLCUSHDICOlOL I aacsesic eae teeae ence sc cine --| +100, R. R. 208 BOUONCISICOCCINGS cons ase eee einncaiccececincdeas sas 181, Dr. Schneck. 2OMPONENCUS UMDMICAT AR aa. seltaectiecice clea cleeines a= =le'a= | 100, R. R. Zia LQUCrCUS!MACKOGAIPA =5~s-nssis Gace wie seen cine sese 162, R. R.; 165, Dr. S.; 130,C.S.; 80, T. J.J. Osa Ouercus;mublenbergi- sess sees sae sees ces-ss-- = 1224, R. R. On MO LeOLCUSiPALUSULIS sass mcecen sine ieee eseeeeee cess t oi-l= 119, R. R. ; 120, Dr. S. SORPQ UerCUSHO bras sate ee ee. ect tents cae ecanae.| 150, R. R. Sim BOUERCUSKUIN CLOLAn. fone cc tele cle c ooh selec neces as 128, T. J. J.; 160, Dr. S.: +100, R. R. S2p | PHATUSMOLLUCINGD «coms se scmee cone ecicece am ees science 122, Dr. S. Son opulus;moniliferates so. - 3. s=\sloa ces ac ce sree si cisceet 140, R. R.; 165, C.S.; 170, Dr. S. Osa eLaAxOdlUmMaistichuMrcesp. cessecsecescsec ewes s- ee.) 2475 KR. R.s 146; Drs
In addition to the above there are several other trees large specimens of which have not been measured, but which, with scarce a doubt, occa- sionally, at least, reach 100 feet in height, thus rendering it very prob-
able that in reality about fifty species attain this elevation.
cies are the following
Male
© ade
os
CHABDAUE
Magnolia acuminata. 10. Tilia heterophylla. AY. Robinia pseudacacia. 12. Prunus serotina. 13. Fraxinus pubescens. 14. Fraxinus sambucifolia. PLO: Fraxinus viridis. *LG. Celtis mississippiensis.
Carya porcina.
These spe-
Carya suleata.
Quercus michauxt.
Quercus falcata.
Quercus lyrata.
Quercus stellata.
Castanea vulgaris americana. Chamecypharis spheroidea.
*17. Pinus (mitis ?).
*These trees, though growing within the field of this paper, have not been met with by the writer.
58 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The measurements given under the head of the species enumerated in the following list include all the reliable ones which 1 have made up to date, or which I have been able to get upon unimpeachable authority, and, it should be understood, cancel all measurements or estimates pre- viously published by me when in excess of those here given. They include no estimates of height, but only actual tape-line measurements of pros- trate trees or else very careful measurements of isolated standing trees with a thoroughly-tested ‘‘dendrometer,” although the specimens meas- ured by the latter method are very few indeed.
The following species, usually classed as shrubs, are not included, though some of them may occasionally reach 30 feet in height. No measurements, however, have been taken of any of them :
1. Xanthoxylum americanum. Prickly Ash.
Ptelea trifoliata. Hop Tree; Wafer Ash.
. Huonymus atropurpureus. Burning Bush; Waahoo. Hydrangea arborescens. Wild Hydrangea.
. Hamamelis virginica. Witch Hazel.
Ilex decidua. Deciduous Holly.
Forestiera acuminata. Yorestieria.
LTindera benzoin. Spice Bush.
. Alnus serrulata. Smooth Alder.
Aralia spinosa. Hercules’ Club; “ Devil’s walking-stick.”
mm oo bo
eS St
bad =
On the other hand, a small number which are not usually classed as trees are so considered here, having been found to attain, occasionally, at least, a height of 30 feet or more. They are the following:
No. Name. Maximum height as measured. 1 | lex verticilata, ..2-.c5cisiimaienwnece ose Joncchs co ee eseceaieaameinee = 28 feet, but taller ones seen. 2 | Rhus glabra .-.-- Se eeeenae| COMCeus 8. || Rhusicopallinan: <a ax c.ocejeeicictejn. <i s)s.cis anions sactacleciae eas aeeemes 334 feet. 4" ‘Amorpha fiiticosa 2... -S-s~scee at se cees snes etacaoese en aceaceece 35 feet.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, July 20, 1881.
CATALOGUE.
1. (1.) * Magnolia acuminata. Cucumber Tree.
J have never seen a tree of this species growing in any part of the district under consideration. I have heard, however, that a few grow on Sugar Creek, in the southern part of Wabash County, but have been unable to verify the rumor. It grows quite abundantly in the extreme southern portion of Illinois (Johnson and Union Counties), where the
*The number in parenthesis prefixed to the name of a species corresponds in each case with that given in Professor Sargent’s Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America, published by the Census Bureau (Washington, 1881). When no second num- ber is given, the species is one not included in the catalogue in question.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 59
country is very hilly, and therefore adapted to it. The nearest point in Indiana where I can find a record of its occurrence is Orange County, the third county east from Knox.
2. (8.) Liriodendron tulipifera. Tulip Tree; “ Poplar.”
Formerly very abundant, and still common in some localities. The great demand for poplar lumber for weatherboarding, etc., has greatly depleted the supply, however. Although growing both on the hills and in the river bottoms, the growth of the former will probably average larger than the latter. The larger trees of this species now standing will average about 5 feet diameter and 140 feet high, though specimens of much larger size may still be found, and formerly were numerous. A few yet exist, having a diameter of 7 or even 8 feet, but they are ex- ceedingly rare. Straight trunks of 50 to 70 feet clear are occasionally found, and twenty years ago trunks 100 feet long were not so very un- frequent.
Lumbermen recognize three varieties of the “poplar”—the “ yellow,” “white,” and “blue,” distinguished, however, only by the color of the wood. The first is he most abundant, and produces the best lumber.
This species flowers during the first half of May, leating the first half of April.
List of specimens measured.*
& ees eve al Bes E | ES 22 ES s Locality. ; Authority. 3 g2 | aa 5D oO ZS eee ‘D a ag a aia | €4 | 3 Soles i S Ms ||| kD A = 15 | 78 140 | Hills, Posey county) MVGU AN es ere ai=i aire eaerlss Sehneck. | d 0. Do. Do. Thos. J. Johnston. (‘‘Yellow.’’)
Do. , Thos. J. Johnston. (‘‘ White.”) 153 50 MOF eee OMe ee Eee cee ee ence sere Do. 142 55 120 Ope ee eee oto e ee sciatces | Thos. J.Johnston. (‘*Yellow.”) | Thos. J. Johnston. (Stump.) Dr. J. Schneck.
RAOKTS CS FH IQ os Pr sw orQyeasceer
| Thos. Hoskinson. Dr. J. Schneck. R. Ridgway.
*The measurements are in feet.
60 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
With the exception of the last two, the trees of the above list were all felled, and the total length measured with a 100-foot tape-line. The two exceptions were fine, vigorous, standing trees, and their height meas- ured with a “dendrometer.” Standing isolated, this was easily done, and the measurements are no doubt perfectly accurate.
The finest tree of all those given above was example q ,which at 74 feet
measured 6 feet in diameter, the trunk being perfectly sound even at the extreme base, and straight as a column.
The longest trunk (example w) was cut into ten 12-foot logs. It was not very large, however, measuring, if I remember rightly, about 4 feet in diameter at the butt and less than three feet through at the top of the last cut. A trunk measuring 84 feet in length (sawed into seven 12- foot logs), measured 54 inches in diameter at the butt and 42 inches at the small end of the last cut. This is the tree marked c’ in the list.
At the “Timber Settlement” in Wabash County, I measured, in May, 1881, a solid stump of this tree, which, although entirely denuded of bark and with a considerable portion hewn off for firewood, was still 26 feet in circumference at 4 feet from the ground. <A portion of the trunk still lying on the ground was 50 feet or more in length, and had apparently supplied the occupants of a deserted cabin near by with firewood for many years.
The example marked v was 35 feet in circumference at the ground, and at 150 feet from the base the several branches were 1 to 14 feet in diameter. The top branches, broken off and scattered by the falling of the tree, had been collected for firewood, so that its total height could not be measured, but could not have been much less than 190 feet, which is the maximum height as given by Dr. Schneck in his “Flora of the Wabash Valley” (Cox’s Geological Survey of Indiana, 1875, p. 512).
3. (10.) Asimina triloba. Pawpaw.
The Pawpaw is a very abundant underwood in all bottom lands and other damp woods, growing usually to a height of 20 to 30 feet, and 2 or 3 inches in diameter, but not unfrequently 40 feet or more in height, and, in exceptional cases, nearly a foot in diameter. The two largest specimens measured (both in the bottoms below Mount Carmel) were 46 and 43 feet, respectively, in height, the larger being 32 inches in cir- cumference, the smaller only 10 inches around.
Two well-marked varieties are distinguished by the fruit, which inone has the pulpa rich golden yellow, very aromatic, and exceedingly sweet, and much liked by most people, though too rich formany. This variety is knownas the “ Yellow Pawpaw”; the other, called “ White Pawpaw,” has a whitish or very faintly yellow, insipid, or disagreeable tasting fruit, and is seldom eaten. Iam unable to state whether any peculiarity of flower or foliage distinguishes the two varieties.
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. G1
4, (14.) Tilia americana. American Linden. “Lin.”
A very common tree, growing chiefiy near the river banks, but occur- ring in ail rich woods. The average height of the larger trees is about 100 feet, but an elevation of 125 or even 130 feet is sometimes reached, the diameter of large trees averaging about 3 feet. In the Wabash bot- toms single trunks of the ‘‘ Lin” are exceedingly rare, fully 80 per cent, of the trees consisting of compound trunks, as if several trees had grown up close together and become more or less completely coalesced at the base.
The following measurements are of trees of rather exceptional size:
a 2 > ae S llese a aes 22 z 5p $ Locality. Authority. : o.2 aS ef als 83 | 8 q az ot fe | ga 2 Sy ees 3 ° an] O - a a Wabash County, Illinois.............. R. R. (Hills.) b R. R. (Bottoms.) y | ae 0. e Do. ci Do. g | Do. h | Dr. J. Schneck. |
Example b was the largest I have seen, but was divided into three trunks a short distance from the ground.
5. (15.) Tilia heterophylla. White Basswood.
This tree has been found near Mount Carmel by Dr. Schneck, but Iam not autoptically acquainted with it. Possibly some of the measurements given under the head of 7. americana belong to this species.
6. (—.) Ilex verticillata. Black Alder.
Very abundant about the borders of ponds and swamps, and the mouths of the creeks, forming dense almost impenetrable thickets. In some localities it grows to a height of 20 feet and upwards, with a stem 2 to . hearly 3 feet in circumference. The two largest measured were 2 feet 11 inches, and 25 feet, respectively, in girth, and the tallest (cut down especially for measurement) 28 feet high. Taller specimens, which were apparently about 35 feet high, were seen in the Cypress swamp, in the lower part of Knox County, Indiana.
7. (40?) Asculus glabra? Smooth Buckeye?
Although I give the species as 4. glabra, on the strength of Dr. Schneck’s identification, I am not sure but that we have the 7. flava also. The specimens examined by me (a considerable number, in the bottoms nearly opposite the village of Rochester, Wabash County),
62 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
were 70 or 80 feet high, and some of them 2 feet or more in diameter, thus appearing too large for 4?. glabra. Whichever it may be, how- ever, the Buckeye is a very local tree in the Wabash Valley, and I have only seen it in the locality mentioned, where it appears to be confined wholly to a belt of only a few hundred yards width, a few trees only being found on the opposite side of the river. I am unable to ascribe any reason for this restriction of its range, since the same trees, and other vegetation associated with it, occur throughout the bottoms on either side. It is said to be common among the hills of Gibson County, several miles back from the river, and there to attain a height of 100 feet or more, and a diameter of 3 feet.
8. (47.) Acer dasycarpum. Silver Maple.
A very abundant tree along the banks of rivers and large streams, attaining an average elevation of 90 to 100 feet, and a diameter of 2 to3 feet. Unlike the Red Maple (A. rubrum) the trunk usually divides low down, usually at about 8 to 15 feet from the ground; the three or more secondary trunks, however, extending upward for a considerable dis- tance before branching.
Of four trees measured, the extremes were: height, 90 and 118 feet; circumference, 123 to 14 feet; trunk, 20 feet (only one measured).
Flowers early in April, leafing from March 31 to April 12.
9. (51.) Acer rubrum. Red Maple.
A very common tree, but much more local than A. dasycarpum. Is almost wholly confined to swamps or very wet bottoms, where it grows tall, straight, and slender. In size it is about equal to A. dasycarpum and A. saccharinum, but is much more slender than either, with a less spreading top. Three specimens measured 70 to 108 feet in height, the average being 954 feet; 105 to 15 feet in circumference (average 12.83), clear trunk, 49 to 60 feet. Decidedly taller trees occur, however, those measured being prostrate ones, of by no means the largest size.
Flowers middle of February to March 20, according to the season ; leafs out last of March to April 12.—(ScHNECK.)
10. (52.) Acer saccharinum. Sugar Maple.
A very abundant tree in some localities, rare or wholly wanting in other portions. Occasional “sugar groves” occur where, over a space of several acres, scarcely a single tree of any other species can be found.
The larger trees of this species average about 100 feet high (the aver- age of the five specimens measured being 1082 feet, the extremes 90 and 118), and 23 to 3, occasionally over 4, feet in diameter. The trunk, like that of A. rubrum, is frequently tall and straight, four specimens meas- ured being, respectively, 47, 48, 60, and 70 feet to the first limb. The var. nigrum and the common form appear to be about equally numerous,
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 63
each, however, predominating, or even wholly replacing the other, in particular localities. Flowers as early as March 10 (SCHNECK), leafing April 15 to 20.
11. (53.) Negundo aceroides. Box Elder.
A very common, and in some localities abundant, underwood in rich bottoms. The larger trees of this species are 24 to 3—rarely 4—feet in diameter, and 50 to 60, possibly 70, feet high. No measurements for height have been made, but the tallest specimens do not approach the elevation of the oaks and other trees with which they are associated.
Flowers March 20, leafing the last week in April.
12. (56.) Rhus typhina. Stag-horn Sumac.
In most localities less common than R. glabra. The largest speci- mens observed were about 30 to 35 feet high, and 4 inches in diameter.
Tan ( .) Rhus glabra. Smooth Sumac.
Much the commonest species, and when growing in woods or thickets attaining a height of 30 to 35 feet. Near Monteur’s Pond, in Knox County, Indiana, I found this species and R. copallina growing together, and to about an equal size.
14. (——.) Rhus copallina. “Dwarf Sumac.” (!)
A very common species in some localities. Near the northwestern border of Monteur’s Pond, in Knox County, Indiana, it is an abundant underwood, growing frequently to a height of 25 to 30 feet, and 4 inches or over in diameter. Three specimens (the only ones measured) were, respectively, 253, 314, and 324 feet in height (all being cut down for measurement), 6, 7, and 14 feet trunk, and 14, 8, and 29 inches in cir- cuinference. The last consisted properly three stems united at the base, though near the ground the coalescence of the wood was almost com- plete, while externally there was no evidence of the triple nature of the trunk. A section of this trunk, also leaves and fruit of the same tree, has been deposited in the museum of the Agricultural Department.
15. (——.) Amorpha fruticosa. False Indigo.
In the cypress swamps of Knox County, Indiana, I found this shrub growing to a very unusual size, many specimens being 20 feet and up- wards in height. The largest one seen was cut down for measurement, and found to be 35 feet high; it was 17 inches in circumference at the base, and contained eighteen annual rings.
16. (65.) Gymnocladus canadensis. Coffee-bean; Coffee-nut.
Scarcely one of our native trees is more local in its distribution than the present species, and there are few localities indeed where it can be said to be abundant. It is usually found scattered through the richer bottoms.
G4 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It is never a large tree, but grows tall and slender, frequently reach- ~ ing 109 feet in height, though seldom over 2 feet in diameter, and with arather scant top. One tree, cut expressly for measurement, was 109 feet in length, 76 feet to the first limb, and only 20 inches in diameter across the stump. The largest trunk was that of a tree growing in a door-yard, and possibly a cultivated specimen. It was 8 feet in cireum- ference, but ramified at about 4 feet from the ground into several up- ° right branches. The top was dense and symmetrical, the summit ele- vated about 80 feet.
17. (66.) Gleditschia monosperma. Water Locust.
An abundant species in the cypress swamps in the lower part of Knox County, Indiana, where it grows along with the Large-leafed Cottonwood (Populus heterophylla), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), Black Willow (Salix nigra), and other swamp trees. It is a very much smaller tree than G. triacanthos and of quite different appearance, having a smooth- ish, dull-gray bark (much like that of the Hackberry, Celtis), and very crooked, scraggy growth. The largest specimen measured was 7 feet in circumference and 65 feet in height.
18. (67.) Gleditschia triacanthos. Honey Locust.
When growing to its full perfection, the Honey Locust is one of the most majestic trees of the forest in which it is native. Many trees oceur which are 120 to nearly 140 feet high, with straight trunks of 50 to 70 feet clear, and 4 to 5, occasionally even 6, feet in diameter. There are none of our trees, excepting only the Bald Cypress and Catalpa, which have a more thoroughly characteristic appearance, its tall, straight, but usually inclined trunk of a dark iron-gray or nearly black color being much darker than any other species, and thus easily identified at a con- siderable distance, while the extremely delicate foliage renders its top equally conspicuous by its contrast with the adjacent tree tops. The Honey Locust usually, like very many other trees, occurs singly throughout the richer woods, but it is occasionally multiplied so as to form the prevailing growth. It was found thus multiplied over an area of a hundred acres or more in the White River bottoms of Gibson